Reputation-based detection uses information about the historical behavior or reputation of entities (such as IP addresses or domains) to determine their threat level. It helps in blocking threats known for their malicious activities.

Option 1: Incorrect. A network-based firewall inspects and filters traffic at the network layer, not the application layer.
Option 2: Incorrect. A network-based firewall operates at the network layer, not the data link layer.
Option 3: Correct. A network-based firewall provides protection against both external and internal threats.
Option 4: Incorrect. A network-based firewall does not require software installed on client devices.

Wireshark is a popular open-source tool used for network packet analysis and protocol troubleshooting. It allows users to capture, examine, and analyze network packets in real-time. Wireshark provides detailed information about the different protocols, traffic patterns, and network anomalies, assisting cybersecurity professionals in diagnosing network issues, identifying security vulnerabilities, and detecting potential attacks.

Isolating an infected system from the network is crucial to prevent the malware from spreading to other devices or networks. This containment measure helps in limiting the impact of the infection and prevents potential damage or data breaches.

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. It is a 48-bit address typically represented as six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons or hyphens. MAC addresses are used for communication at the data link layer of the network stack.