Which of the following factors can cause obligors to default at the same time?
I. Obligors may be harmed by exposures to similar risk factors simultaneously.
II. Obligors may exhibit herd behavior.
III. Obligors may be subject to the sampling bias.
IV. Obligors may exhibit speculative bias.

What are some of the drawbacks of correlation estimates? Which of the following statements identifies major
problems with correlation calculations?
I. Correlation estimates are not able to capture increases in factor co-movements in extreme market scenarios.
II. Correlation estimates tend to be unstable.
III. Historical correlations may not forecast future correlations correctly.
IV. Correlation estimates assume normally distributed returns.

An asset and liability manager for a large financial institution has to recognize that retail products ___ include
embedded options, which are often not rationally exercised, while wholesale products ___ carry penalties for
repayment or include rights to terminate wholesale contracts on very different terms than are common in retail
products.

A key function of treasuries in commercial/retail banks is:
I. To manage the interest margin of the banks.
II. To focus on underwriting risk.
III. To ensure strong earnings.
IV. To increase profit margins.

Which one of the following four statements best describes challenges of delta-normal method of mapping
options positions?
Delta-normal method understates