MTTD (Mean Time to Detect) measures how quickly an organization identifies security incidents after they occur, making it the primary metric for detection speed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) management for users who connect and use a network service.
RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the application layer, and can use either TCP or UDP.
Network access servers, which control access to a network, usually contain a RADIUS client component that communicates with the RADIUS server. RADIUS is often the back-end of choice for 802.1X authentication.
A RADIUS server is usually a background process running on UNIX or Microsoft Windows.
Authentication and authorization
The user or machine sends a request to a Network Access Server (NAS) to gain access to a particular network resource using access credentials. The credentials are passed to the NAS device via the link-layer protocol- for example, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in the case of many dialup or DSL providers or posted in an HTTPS secure web form.
In turn, the NAS sends a RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol.
This request includes access credentials, typically in the form of username and password or security certificate provided by the user. Additionally, the request may contain other information which the NAS knows about the user, such as its network address or phone number, and information regarding the user's physical point of attachment to the NAS.
The RADIUS server checks that the information is correct using authentication schemes such as PAP, CHAP or EAP. The user's proof of identification is verified, along with, optionally, other information related to the request, such as the user's network address or phone number, account status, and specific network service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked the user's information against a locally stored flat- file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this or can refer to external sources-commonly SQL, Kerberos, LDAP, or Active Directory servers-to verify the user's credentials.
Shape Description automatically generated with medium confidence

The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS:
1) Access-Reject,
2) Access-Challenge,
3) Access-Accept.
Access-Reject
The user is unconditionally denied access to all requested network resources. Reasons may include failure to provide proof of identification or an unknown or inactive user account.
Access-Challenge
Requests additional information from the user such as a secondary password, PIN, token, or card. Access- Challenge is also used in more complex authentication dialogs where a secure tunnel is established between the user machine and the Radius Server in a way that the access credentials are hidden from the NAS.
Access-Accept
The user is granted access. Once the user is authenticated, the RADIUS server will often check that the user is authorized to use the network service requested. A given user may be allowed to use a company's wireless network, but not its VPN service, for example. Again, this information may be stored locally on the RADIUS server or may be looked up in an external source such as LDAP or Active Directory.

The correct answer is B. TCP. Sequence and acknowledgment numbers are key features of the Transmission Control Protocol. In CEH networking and session hijacking concepts, TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that establishes communication using the three-way handshake: SYN, SYN/ACK, and ACK. TCP uses sequence numbers to track byte order and acknowledgment numbers to confirm receipt of data. CEH-aligned references explain that TCP session hijacking depends on tracking session traffic, predicting sequence numbers, desynchronizing the connection, and injecting packets that appear valid to the target system. TCP is therefore the protocol associated with attacks involving manipulation of sequence and acknowledgment values. ICMP is mainly used for control and diagnostic messaging, such as ping and error reporting. UDP is connectionless and does not maintain TCP-style sequence and acknowledgment numbers. IP provides addressing and routing, but it does not manage reliable sessions or acknowledgments. Because the question specifically mentions manipulating sequence and acknowledgment numbers during a MITM/session hijacking scenario, TCP is the best answer.

A vulnerability scan identifies known vulnerabilities by comparing system configurations and software versions against a database. It is mostly passive and does not confirm if vulnerabilities are exploitable.
Penetration testing, however, involves simulating real-world attacks. It attempts to actively exploit vulnerabilities, escalate privileges, and access sensitive data, offering a more realistic view of risk.
Reference - CEH v13 Official Study Guide:
Module 1: Introduction to Ethical Hacking
Quote:
"A penetration test goes beyond vulnerability identification by actively exploiting weaknesses to assess the actual risk and potential impact to the organization." Incorrect Options:
A). Scans do more than port scanning.
C). Penetration testing is often manual and detailed.
D). The difference is methodology, not just database size.