During a code review at a defense technology contractor in Virginia, penetration tester Lucas identifies that a newly deployed payroll application encrypts sensitive employee data using a weak custom algorithm. In addition, its session validation logic allows certain requests to bypass access controls altogether. These oversights are traced back to flawed system logic and poor encryption design decisions made during the development phase.
Which vulnerability category BEST describes the issue Lucas discovered?

During a red team engagement at a law firm in Dallas, ethical hacker Sarah connects a compromised workstation to a core switch. Within minutes, the switch begins experiencing instability, and multiple VLANs report traffic leakage across isolated departments. Sarah observes that her machine is now receiving packets not originally destined for it, giving her visibility into multiple active sessions. Logs show the switch's CAM table was overwhelmed during the attack.
Which sniffing technique did Sarah most likely use?

As the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) at a large university, you are responsible for the security of a campus-wide Wi-Fi network that serves thousands of students, faculty, and staff.
Recently, there has been a rise in reports of unauthorized network access, and you suspect that some users are sharing their login credentials. You are considering deploying an additional layer of security that could effectively mitigate this issue. What would be the most suitable measure to implement in this context?

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Scenario
Instructions
You have been hired as a part of the Red Team at CEHORG, an IT and ITES organization that deals with advanced research and development in the field of information security. It has offices all over the country connected in real-time by its network infrastructure.
Your organization is worried about rising cybersecurity incidents and has entrusted you with a comprehensive security audit of the complete infrastructure.
CEHORG's internal network consists of several subnets housing various organizational units like any large organization. The front office is connected to a separate subnet that connects to the company's public-facing computers. The company has installed multiple kiosks to help customers understand their products and services. The front office also has Wi-Fi connectivity to cater to the users who carry their smartphones and laptops.
The CEHORG's internal network is made up of Militarized and Demilitarized zones. As a security precaution and by design, all the internal resource zones are configured with different subnet IPs.
The militarized zone houses the application servers that provide application frameworks for various departments. The Demilitarized Zone contains public-facing systems of the organization, such as web and mail servers. The headquarters' network topology and protocols are replicated worldwide in all its satellite offices for efficient communication with the headquarters.
Description
CEH Practical exam presents you with 20 challenges built on the ethical hacking domains covered in the C|EH program. The exam hosts multiple hidden machines, each containing a set of vulnerable applications and services. You must apply your knowledge and skills in various ethical hacking domains and solve the challenges. The exam duration is 6 hours. Each challenge in CEH Practical weighs 10 points, and you are required to solve a minimum of 14 challenges out of 20, which would sum up to 140 points, to become a CEH (Practical) Credential Holder.
On the cyber range, you will have access to Ethical Hacker Workstations, EH Workstation - 1 and EH Workstation - 2. EH Workstation - 1 is a Parrot Security machine and EH Workstation
- 2 is a Windows 11 machine. You can switch to these machines from the Resources tab.
Please note that there are a maximum of 3 attempts for each challenge.
Available target networks:
10.10.55.0/24
192.168.44.0/24
192.168.200.0/24
Exclusions:
10.10.55.1, 10.10.55.2
192.168.44.1, 192.168.44.2
192.168.200.1, 192.168.200.2
The credentials to access EH Workstation - 1 (Parrot Security) machine are as below:
Username: attacker Password: toor
The credentials to access EH Workstation - 2 (Windows 11) are as below:
Username: Admin Password: Pa$$w0rd
The credentials to access OpenVAS on EH Workstation - 1 (Parrot Security) machine are as below:
Username: admin Password: password
To open OpenVAS tool, click Applications at the top of the Desktop window and navigate to Pentesting → Vulnerability Analysis → Openvas - Greenbone → Start Greenbone Vulnerability Manager Service to launch OpenVAS tool.
Note: You can use username.txt and password.txt available on the Desktop of the EH Workstation - 1 (Parrot Security) machine for any credentials/password cracking attempt.
Flags
Challenge:
During the course of an attack investigation, it was identified that a Windows web development environment was exploited to gain unauthorized access to the system. Perform an in-depth network scan and thorough service enumeration to determine the version of the IMAP Mercury service running on the server. (Format: N*NN)

Peter extracts the SIDs list from a Windows 2000 Server machine using the hacking tool "SIDExtractor".
Here is the output of the SIDs:

[Image showing multiple user accounts with their Security Identifiers (SIDs)] From the above list identify the user account with System Administrator privileges.