DNS tunneling may be a method wont to send data over the DNS protocol, a protocol which has never been intended for data transfer. due to that, people tend to overlook it and it's become a well-liked but effective tool in many attacks.
Most popular use case for DNS tunneling is obtaining free internet through bypassing captive portals at airports, hotels, or if you are feeling patient the not-so-cheap on the wing Wi-Fi.
On those shared internet hotspots HTTP traffic is blocked until a username/password is provided, however DNS traffic is usually still allowed within the background: we will encode our HTTP traffic over DNS and voila, we've internet access.
This sounds fun but reality is, browsing anything on DNS tunneling is slow. Like, back to 1998 slow.
Another more dangerous use of DNS tunneling would be bypassing network security devices (Firewalls, DLP appliances...) to line up an immediate and unmonitored communications channel on an organisation's network. Possibilities here are endless: Data exfiltration, fixing another penetration testing tool... you name it.
To make it even more worrying, there's an outsized amount of easy to use DNS tunneling tools out there.
There's even a minimum of one VPN over DNS protocol provider (warning: the planning of the web site is hideous, making me doubt on the legitimacy of it).
As a pentester all this is often great, as a network admin not such a lot .
How does it work:
For those that ignoramus about DNS protocol but still made it here, i feel you deserve a really brief explanation on what DNS does: DNS is sort of a phonebook for the web , it translates URLs (human-friendly language, the person's name), into an IP address (machine-friendly language, the phone number). That helps us remember many websites, same as we will remember many people's names.
For those that know what DNS is i might suggest looking here for a fast refresh on DNS protocol, but briefly what you would like to understand is:
* A Record: Maps a website name to an IP address.
example.com ? 12.34.52.67
* NS Record (a.k.a. Nameserver record): Maps a website name to an inventory of DNS servers, just in case our website is hosted in multiple servers.
example.com ? server1.example.com, server2.example.com
Who is involved in DNS tunneling?
* Client. Will launch DNS requests with data in them to a website .
* One Domain that we will configure. So DNS servers will redirect its requests to an outlined server of our own.
* Server. this is often the defined nameserver which can ultimately receive the DNS requests.
The 6 Steps in DNS tunneling (simplified):
1. The client encodes data during a DNS request. The way it does this is often by prepending a bit of knowledge within the domain of the request. for instance : mypieceofdata.server1.example.com
2. The DNS request goes bent a DNS server.
3. The DNS server finds out the A register of your domain with the IP address of your server.
4. The request for mypieceofdata.server1.example.com is forwarded to the server.
5. The server processes regardless of the mypieceofdata was alleged to do. Let's assume it had been an HTTP request.
6. The server replies back over DNS and woop woop, we've got signal.
Bypassing Firewalls through the DNS Tunneling Method DNS operates using UDP, and it has a 255-byte limit on outbound queries. Moreover, it allows only alphanumeric characters and hyphens. Such small size constraints on external queries allow DNS to be used as an ideal choice to perform data exfiltration by various malicious entities. Since corrupt or malicious data can be secretly embedded into the DNS protocol packets, even DNSSEC cannot detect the abnormality in DNS tunneling. It is effectively used by malware to bypass the firewall to maintain communication between the victim machine and the C&C server. Tools such as NSTX (https://sourceforge.net), Heyoka (http://heyoka.sourceforge.netuse), and Iodine (https://code.kryo.se) use this technique of tunneling traffic across DNS port 53. CEH v11 Module 12 Page
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CHNTPW (Change NT Password) is a Linux-based utility that allows attackers or administrators to:
Reset Windows user account passwords
Unlock disabled or locked user accounts
Remove password protection without knowing the original password
It works by editing the Windows SAM (Security Account Manager) file located in the Windows system directory.
Reference - CEH v13 Official Study Guide:
Module 5: System Hacking
Quote:
"CHNTPW is a tool that can reset or change passwords on Windows systems by directly editing the SAM database. It is commonly run from a Linux LiveCD." Incorrect Options:
A). John the Ripper is for cracking passwords, not resetting them directly.
B). SET (Social Engineering Toolkit) is for phishing and payloads, not password resets.
D). Cain & Abel is a password recovery tool for Windows but runs on Windows, not Linux.

CEH v13 identifies encrypted communication channels as one of the most common and effective firewall evasion techniques. Firewalls that rely on packet inspection or signature-based filtering often cannot inspect encrypted payloads without SSL/TLS interception capabilities.
By encrypting malicious traffic-using HTTPS, VPN tunnels, or encrypted C2 channels-attackers can bypass firewall rules that inspect packet contents. CEH v13 emphasizes that this technique is widely used in malware communication, data exfiltration, and command-and-control operations.
IP spoofing (Option A) is limited by ingress and egress filtering and is less effective against modern firewalls.
Open-source operating systems (Option B) do not inherently evade firewalls. Social engineering (Option D) targets users, not firewalls.
Therefore, Option C is the correct and CEH-aligned answer.