Explanation
Locator ID Separation Protocol (LISP) solves this issue by separating the location and identity of a device through the Routing locator (RLOC) and Endpoint identifier (EID):
+ Endpoint identifiers (EIDs) - assigned to end hosts. + (RLOCs) - assigned to devices (primarily routers) that make up the global routing system.

Explanation
The southbound protocol used by APIC is OpFlex that is pushed by Cisco as the protocol for policy enablement across physical and virtual switches.
Southbound interfaces are implemented with some called Service Abstraction Layer (SAL), which talks to the network elements via SNMP and CLI.
Note: Cisco OpFlex is a southbound protocol in a software-defined network (SDN).

Explanation
Unlike HSRP or GLBP, VRPP is an open standard. Only VRRPv3 supports both IPv4 and IPv6.

Explanation
Remember, for the wildcard mask, 1s are I DON'T CARE, and 0s are I CARE. So now let's analyze a simple ACL:
access-list 1 permit 172.23.16.0 0.0.15.255
Two first octets are all 0's meaning that we care about the network 172.23.x.x. The third octet of the wildcard mask, 15 (0000 1111 in binary), means that we care about first 4 bits but don't care about last 4 bits so we allow the third octet in the form of 0001xxxx (minimum:00010000 = 16; maximum: 0001111 = 31).

The fourth octet is 255 (all 1 bits) that means I don't care.
Therefore network 172.23.16.0 0.0.15.255 ranges from 172.23.16.0 to 172.23.31.255.
Now let's consider the wildcard mask of 0.0.0.254 (four octet: 254 = 1111 1110) which means we only care the last bit. Therefore if the last bit of the IP address is a "1" (0000 0001) then only odd numbers are allowed. If the last bit of the IP address is a "0" (0000 0000) then only even numbers are allowed.
Note: In binary, odd numbers are always end with a "1" while even numbers are always end with a "0".
Therefore in this question, only the statement "permit 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.254" will allow all oddnumbered hosts in the 10.0.0.0/24 subnet.