In preparing a survey to elicit public opinion, which type of bias is most important to pay attention to when conducting the survey using social media?
Correct Answer: A
Social media surveys are prone to selection bias, as the sample may not represent the broader population- social media users skew younger and may exclude non-users (e.g., elderly, low-income groups). Option A (selection bias) is the most important to address. The APA'sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under "Research and Assessment Methods," states, "Selection bias is the most critical concern in social media surveys, as the platform's user base may not reflect the general population." Option B (non-response bias) is a concern but less dominant than selection bias in this context. Option C (framing bias) relates to question wording, not the platform. Option D (decision-making bias) is unrelated to survey design. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, "Social media surveys primarily face selection bias due to unrepresentative user demographics," supporting option A. References: APA AICP Certification Exam Content Outline (2022), CPC Study Manual (2024), APA PAS Report on Survey Methods.
Question 27
To determine infrastructure needs and to plan for financing, most communities use:
Correct Answer: D
A capital improvements program (CIP) is a multi-year plan used by communities to identify, prioritize, and finance infrastructure needs such as roads, utilities, and public facilities. It aligns infrastructure development with the comprehensive plan and ensures funding is allocated efficiently. The APA'sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under "Plan Implementation," defines a CIP as "a tool to identify infrastructure needs and plan for their financing over a multi-year period." Option A (annual operating budget) covers day-to-day expenses, not long-term infrastructure. Option B (zero-based budgeting) is a budgeting method that starts from zero each year, not specific to infrastructure. Option C (planning programming budgeting system) is a budgeting approach but not commonly used for infrastructure planning. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, "Most communities use a CIP to determine infrastructure needs and plan financing, linking projects to long- term goals," supporting option D. References: APA AICP Certification Exam Content Outline (2022), CPC Study Manual (2024), APA PAS Report on Capital Improvement Planning.
Question 28
The Federal Housing Act of 1954 included which of the following provisions? I. Program funding for community planning studies II. Program funding for blight removal III. Creation of the Urban Renewal Administration IV. Creation of the Federal Housing Administration
Correct Answer: D
The Federal Housing Act of 1954 expanded urban renewal efforts, providing funding forcommunity planning studies (I) and blight removal (II), and creating the Urban Renewal Administration (III) to oversee these programs. The Federal Housing Administration (IV) was established earlier, in 1934, under the National Housing Act. The APA'sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under "Fundamental Planning Knowledge," states, "The 1954 Housing Act included funding for planning studies, blight removal, and created the Urban Renewal Administration, but the FHA predates this act." Options I, II, and III are correct, making option D the answer. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, "The 1954 Act funded planning studies, blight removal, and established the Urban Renewal Administration, but not the FHA," supporting option D. References: APA AICP Certification Exam Content Outline (2022), CPC Study Manual (2024), APA PAS Report on Urban Renewal History.
