The correct answer is A. Pre- and post-deployment testing ensures bias, accuracy, and fairness are evaluated and corrected as needed, which is essential for reputational risk mitigation.
From the AIGP Body of Knowledge:
"Testing AI systems before and after deployment is critical to ensure performance, fairness, and compliance.
Failing to do so may result in reputational damage and legal exposure." AI Governance in Practice Report 2024 (Bias/Fairness and Risk Sections):
"System impact assessments, testing, and post-deployment monitoring are necessary to identify and mitigate risks... This supports both compliance and public trust." Testing is proactive, unlike indemnification (which transfers risk after damage), or requiring manual review (which defeats automation).

The correct answer is C. This action ties directly into principles of data minimization, purpose limitation, and lawfulness of processing, which are central to privacy and AI governance.
From the AIGP Body of Knowledge, Section on Privacy Considerations:
"Personal data must only be processed for specified and lawful purposes. Organizations must consider whether they have a legal basis for processing such data under data protection laws like the GDPR or CCPA." Additionally, AI Governance in Practice Report 2024 emphasizes:
"One of the most significant challenges when designing and developing AI systems is ensuring the data used is appropriate for the intended purpose... Managing unnecessary data, especially data that may contain sensitive attributes, can increase risk."

Once a company moves from being adeployerto also acting as aprovider or developer, it assumesnew obligationsunder regulations like the EU AI Act. One of the core requirements for providers is to produce and maintaintechnical documentation, including descriptions of the model, associated risks, and mitigation strategies.
From theAI Governance in Practice Report 2024:
"Providers of high-risk AI systems must draw up technical documentation demonstrating the system's conformity with the requirements... including potential risks and safeguards applied." (p. 34)
"This documentation must be available before placing the system on the market." (p. 35)

Feature selection is the most important element of feature engineering to mitigate potential bias in an AI system. This process involves choosing the most relevant and representative features from the data set, which directly affects the model's performance and fairness. By carefully selecting features, data scientists can reduce the influence of biased or irrelevant attributes, ensuring that the AI system is more accurate and equitable. Proper feature selection helps in eliminating biases that might stem from socio-demographic factors or other sensitive variables, leading to a more balanced and fair AI model. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on Fairness in AI and Feature Engineering.

The planning phase of the AI life cycle typically includes defining the objective of the model, choosing the appropriate architecture, and understanding the context in which the model will operate. However, the approach to governance is usually established as part of the overall AI governance framework, not specifically within the planning phase. Governance encompasses broader organizational policies and procedures that ensure AI development and deployment align with legal, ethical, and operational standards. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge, AI lifecycle planning phase section.