Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
3.9 Role of the Knowledge Areas
The 47 project management processes identified in the PMBOK® Guide are further grouped into ten separate Knowledge Areas. A Knowledge Area represents a complete set of concepts, terms, and activities that make up a professional field, project management field, or area of specialization. These ten Knowledge Areas are used on most projects most of the time. Project teams should utilize these ten Knowledge Areas and other Knowledge Areas, as appropriate, for their specific project. The Knowledge Areas are: Project Integration Management, Project Scope Management, Project Time Management, Project Cost Management, Project Quality Management, Project Human Resource Management, Project Communications Management, Project Risk Management, Project Procurement Management and Project Stakeholder Management. Each Knowledge Area within the PMBOK® Guide is contained in a separate section.

Section: Volume C
Explanation/Reference:

Section: Volume C
Explanation:
7.4.3.2 Cost Forecasts
Either a calculated EAC value or a bottom-up EAC value is documented and communicated to stakeholders.
4.4.1.5 Work Performance Information
Work performance information is the performance data collected from various controlling processes, analyzed in context, and integrated based on relationships across areas. Thus work performance data has been transformed into work performance information. Data in itself cannot be used in the decision-making process as it has only out-of-context meaning. Work performance information, however, is correlated and contextualized, and provides a sound foundation for project decisions.
Work performance information is circulated through communication processes. Examples of performance information are status of deliverables, implementation status for change requests, and forecasted estimates to complete.
Process: 7.4 Control Costs
Definition: The process of monitoring the status of the project to update the project costs and managing changes to the cost baseline.
Key Benefit: The key benefit of this process is that it determines the cost baseline against which project performance can be monitored and controlled.
Inputs
1. Project management plan
2. Project funding requirements
3. Work performance data
4. Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
1. Earned value management
2. Forecasting
3. To-complete performance index (TCPI)
4. Performance reviews
5. Project management software
6. Reserve analysis
Outputs
1. Work performance information
2. Cost forecasts
3. Change requests
4. Project management plan updates
5. Project documents updates
6. Organizational process assets updates

Section: Volume D
Explanation:
11.2.2.2 Information Gathering Techniques
Examples of information gathering techniques used in identifying risks can include:
Brainstorming. The goal of brainstorming is to obtain a comprehensive list of project risks. The project team

usually performs brainstorming, often with a multidisciplinary set of experts who are not part of the team. Ideas about project risk are generated under the leadership of a facilitator, either in a traditional free-form brainstorm session or structured mass interviewing techniques. Categories of risk, such as in a risk breakdown structure, can be used as a framework. Risks are then identified and categorized by type of risk and their definitions are refined.
Delphi technique. The Delphi technique is a way to reach a consensus of experts. Project risk experts

participate in this technique anonymously. A facilitator uses a questionnaire to solicit ideas about the important project risks. The responses are summarized and are then recirculated to the experts for further comment.
Consensus may be reached in a few rounds of this process. The Delphi technique helps reduce bias in the data and keeps any one person from having undue influence on the outcome.
Interviewing. Interviewing experienced project participants, stakeholders, and subject matter experts helps

to identify risks.
Root cause analysis. Root-cause analysis is a specific technique used to identify a problem, discover the

underlying causes that lead to it, and develop preventive action.