The correct answers are B (Hexane), C (Benzene), and D (Toluene) because these are low-conductivity hydrocarbon liquids , which are highly susceptible to static electricity accumulation .
CCPS guidance explains that static charge buildup occurs when fluids flow, splash, or are agitated- especially in non-conductive or poorly conductive liquids . Hydrocarbons such as hexane, benzene, and toluene have low electrical conductivity , meaning that any generated static charge cannot dissipate easily .
This can lead to charge accumulation and eventual discharge (spark), which may ignite flammable vapor-air mixtures.
In contrast, sea water (A) is highly conductive due to dissolved salts, allowing static charges to dissipate quickly and preventing dangerous accumulation. Therefore, static electricity is generally not a concern with conductive fluids like seawater.
CCPS emphasizes that static hazards are particularly important during operations such as tank filling, transfer, filtration, and mixing of flammable liquids. Proper controls include bonding and grounding, limiting flow velocities, avoiding splash filling, and using anti-static additives where applicable.
Thus, non-conductive flammable liquids (B, C, D) present a significant static ignition hazard, while conductive liquids like seawater do not.