Explanation
Penetration testing involves using the same strategies and toolsets that hackers would use against a system to discovery potential vulnerabilities. Although the term malicious captures much of the intent of penetration testing from the perspective of an attacker, it is not the best answer. Static and dynamic are two types of system testing--where static is done offline and with knowledge of the system, and dynamic is done on a live system without any previous knowledge is associated--but neither describes the type of testing being asked for in the question.

Due to the lack of an adequate privacy law or protection at the federal level in the United States, European privacy regulations generally prohibit the exporting or sharing of PII from Europe with the United States.
Participation in the Safe Harbor program is voluntary on behalf of an organization, but it does require them to conform to specific requirements and policies that mirror those from the EU. Thus, organizations can fulfill requirements for data sharing and export and possibly serve customers in the EU.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Federation is not a component of access control. Instead, it is used to allow users possessing credentials from other authorities and systems to access services outside of their domain. This allows for access and trust without the need to create additional, local credentials. Access control encompasses not only the key concepts of authorization and authentication, but also accounting. Accounting consists of collecting and maintaining logs for both authentication and authorization for operational and regulatory requirements.

With the entire software platform being controlled by the cloud provider, the standardization of configurations and versioning is done automatically for the cloud customer. This alleviates the customer's need to track upgrades and releases for its own systems and development; instead, the onus is on the cloud provider. Although licensing is the responsibility of the cloud customer within SaaS, it does not have an impact on compliance requirements. Within SaaS, development and maintenance of the system are solely the responsibility of the cloud provider.