According to the Canadian Investment Funds Course, an RRSP is a retirement savings plan that allows individuals to defer taxes on their contributions and investment income until they withdraw the funds.
However, an RRSP cannot be held indefinitely and must be terminated by the end of the year the annuitant turns 71. At that point, the annuitant has three options to withdraw the funds from the RRSP:
* Make a lump-sum withdrawal, which is subject to withholding tax and income tax.
* Convert the RRSP to a registered retirement income fund (RRIF), which provides a steady stream of income with a minimum amount that must be withdrawn each year.
* Purchase an annuity, which offers a guaranteed income for life or for a specified period.
References: 1: Canadian Investment Funds Course - IFSE Institute 2 (Unit 9: Retirement)

Explanation
According to the Canadian Investment Funds Course, a stock exchange is a centralized and regulated market where securities of listed companies are traded between buyers and sellers. A stock exchange has strict listing requirements that companies must meet in order to be eligible for trading on the exchange. These requirements may include minimum capitalization, number of shareholders, financial reporting, corporate governance, and compliance with securities laws. A stock exchange also provides liquidity, transparency, and efficiency for the trading of securities.
An over-the-counter (OTC) market is a decentralized and unregulated market where securities that are not listed on a stock exchange are traded between dealers and brokers. An OTC market has no physical location, rather the trading is done through phone, email, or computer networks. An OTC market has lower listing requirements than a stock exchange, which makes it easier for smaller or newer companies to access capital.
However, an OTC market also has less liquidity, transparency, and efficiency than a stock exchange.
Therefore, if Underground Airways Ltd. wants to take their privately owned corporation public through an initial public offering (IPO), they would have to weigh the pros and cons of listing on a stock exchange or the OTC market. One of the main considerations is that a stock exchange listing would provide them with greater market exposure and public confidence than listing on the OTC market. This is because a stock exchange listing signals that the company has met the high standards of the exchange and is subject to ongoing regulation and oversight. A stock exchange listing also attracts more investors, analysts, and media attention than an OTC listing. A stock exchange listing may also increase the value and liquidity of the company's shares.
References: 1: Canadian Investment Funds Course - IFSE Institute 2 (Unit 5: Equity Securities)

Explanation
Trailer fees are ongoing fees that are paid by mutual fund managers to mutual fund dealers for providing ongoing services to their clients who hold units of their funds. Trailer fees are calculated as a percentage of the value of assets under management (AUM) of the clients who hold units of the fund. Trailer fees are paid out of the management fee that is charged by the mutual fund manager to cover the costs of operating and administering the fund. Therefore, option C is correct regarding mutual fund fees. The other options are incorrect. Option A is false because redemptions are not made from units held by investors to pay trailer fees; rather, trailer fees are paid out of the management fee that is deducted from the net asset value (NAV) of the fund. Option B is false because trailer fees are not only paid to mutual fund dealers when a purchase is made; rather, trailer fees are paid on an ongoing basis as long as the clients hold units of the fund. Option D is false because trading commissions are not paid from the management fee; rather, trading commissions are paid from the trading expense ratio (TER) that reflects the costs of buying and selling securities within the fund.
References: [Mutual Fund Fees Explained | Wealthsimple], [Mutual Fund Fees | GetSmarterAboutMoney.ca],
[Understanding Mutual Fund Fees | Investopedia]

Explanation
Thomas must contribute to CPP based on his pensionable earnings, which are his income from employment or self-employment that are subject to CPP. However, he can deduct a basic exemption amount from his pensionable earnings, which is $3,500 for the year. Therefore, his contributory earnings are:
16,0003,500=12,500
The CPP contribution rate is 5.95% for employees and self-employed workers. Therefore, Thomas must contribute:
12,500×5.95%=743.75
References:
Canadian Investment Funds Course (CIFC) Study Guide, Chapter 6: Registered Plans, Section 6.3:
Canada Pension Plan (CPP), page 6-101
Canada Pension Plan - How much could you receive - Canada.ca2