Section: Governance and Management of IT

A top-down approach to the development of IT policies typically involves setting goals at the top and then developing policies to meet those goals. This type of approach results in greater consistency across the organization, as all policies are developed in alignment with the overall goals. Additionally, this approach may result in greater adherence to best practices, as the policies are developed with the organization's long-term goals in mind. It may also result in a synthesis of existing operational policies, as the goals set at the top are used to develop a unified IT policy. Finally, it may also result in a more comprehensive risk assessment plan, as all policies must be evaluated for their potential risks to the organization.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Disk-to-disk (D2D) backup should not be seen as a direct replacement for backup to tape; rather, it should be viewed as part of a multitiered backup architecture that takes advantage of the best features of both tape and disk technologies. Backups to disks are not dramatically faster than backups to tapes in a balanced environment. Most often than not there is hardly a difference, since the limiting components are not tape or disk drives but the overall sustained bandwidth of the backup server's backplane. The advantage in terms of speed is in restoring performance, since all data are on hand and can be accessed randomly, resulting in a dramatic enhancement in throughput. This makes fast synthetic backups (making a full backup without touching the host's data only by using the existing incremental backups) efficient and easy. Although the cost of disks has been reduced, tape-based backup can offer an overall cost advantage over disk-only solutions. Even if RAID arrays are used for D2Dstorage, a failed drive must be swapped out and the RAID set rebuilt before another disk drive fails, thus making this kind of backup more risky and not suitable as a solution of last resort. In contrast, a single tape drive failure does not produceany data loss since the data resides on the tape media. In a multidrive library, the loss of the use of a single tape drive has no impact on the overall level of data protection. Conversely, the loss of a disk drive in an array can put all data at ri

Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are most appropriate for designing the application's graphical user interface (GUI). They are inappropriate for designing any intensive data-calculation procedures.