War Walking (or War Driving) refers to scanning for 802.11-based wireless network information, by either driving or walking with a laptop, a wireless adapter in promiscuous mode, some type of scanning software such as NetStumbler or AiroPeek, and a Global Positioning System (GPS).
*War Dialing, is a method used to hack into computers by using a software program to automatically call a large pool of telephone numbers to search for those that have a modem attached.
*Demon Dialing, similar to War Dialing, is a tool used to attack one modem using brute force to guess the password and gain access.
*ToneLoc, was one of the first war-dialing tools used by phone phreakers. Sources: Hacking Exposed by Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray, and George Kurtz (Osborne, 1999) and War Driving by the Bay by Kevin Poulsen, The Register, April 13, 2001.

A gateway is used to connect two networks using dissimilar protocols at the lower
layers or it could also be at the highest level of the protocol stack.
Important Note:
For the purpose of the exam, you have to remember that a gateway is not synonymous to the term
firewall.
The second thing you must remembers is the fact that a gateway act as a translation device.
It could be used to translate from IPX to TCP/IP for example. It could be used to convert different
types of applications protocols and allow them to communicate together. A gateway could be at
any of the OSI layers but usually tend to be higher up in the stack.
For your exam you should know the information below:
Repeaters A repeater provides the simplest type of connectivity, because it only repeats electrical signals between cable segments, which enables it to extend a network. Repeaters work at the physical layer and are add-on devices for extending a network connection over a greater distance. The device amplifies signals because signals attenuate the farther they have to travel. Repeaters can also work as line conditioners by actually cleaning up the signals. This works much better when amplifying digital signals than when amplifying analog signals, because digital signals are discrete units, which makes extraction of background noise from them much easier for the amplifier. If the device is amplifying analog signals, any accompanying noise often is amplified as well, which may further distort the signal. A hub is a multi-port repeater. A hub is often referred to as a concentrator because it is the physical communication device that allows several computers and devices to communicate with each other. A hub does not understand or work with IP or MAC addresses. When one system sends a signal to go to another system connected to it, the signal is broadcast to all the ports, and thus to all the systems connected to the concentrator.
Repeater Image Reference- http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/course/images/repeater.gif
Bridges A bridge is a LAN device used to connect LAN segments. It works at the data link layer and therefore works with MAC addresses. A repeater does not work with addresses; it just forwards all signals it receives. When a frame arrives at a bridge, the bridge determines whether or not the MAC address is on the local network segment. If the MAC address is not on the local network segment, the bridge forwards the frame to the necessary network segment.
Bridge Image Reference- http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2001/01/30/graphics/bridge.jpg
Routers Routers are layer 3, or network layer, devices that are used to connect similar or different networks. (For example, they can connect two Ethernet LANs or an Ethernet LAN to a Token Ring LAN.) A router is a device that has two or more interfaces and a routing table so it knows how to get packets to their destinations. It can filter traffic based on access control lists (ACLs), and it fragments packets when necessary. Because routers have more network-level knowledge, they can perform higher-level functions, such as calculating the shortest and most economical path between the sending and receiving hosts.
Router and Switch
Image Reference- http://www.computer-networking-success.com/images/router-switch.jpg
Switches
Switches combine the functionality of a repeater and the functionality of a bridge. A switch
amplifies the electrical signal, like a repeater, and has the built-in circuitry and intelligence of a
bridge. It is a multi-port connection device that provides connections for individual computers or
other hubs and switches.
Gateways
Gateway is a general term for software running on a device that connects two different
environments and that many times acts as a translator for them or somehow restricts their
interactions. Usually a gateway is needed when one environment speaks a different language,
meaning it uses a certain protocol that the other environment does not understand. The gateway
can translate Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol
packets to IP packets, accept mail from one type of mail server and format it so another type of
mail server can accept and understand it, or connect and translate different data link technologies
such as FDDI to Ethernet.
Gateway Server
Image Reference-
http://static.howtoforge.com/images/screenshots/556af08d5e43aa768260f9e589dc547f-3024.jpg
The following answers are incorrect:
Repeater - A repeater provides the simplest type of connectivity, because it only repeats electrical
signals between cable segments, which enables it to extend a network. Repeaters work at the
physical layer and are add-on devices for extending a network connection over a greater distance.
The device amplifies signals because signals attenuate the farther they have to travel.
Bridges - A bridge is a LAN device used to connect LAN segments. It works at the data link layer
and therefore works with MAC addresses. A repeater does not work with addresses; it just
forwards all signals it receives. When a frame arrives at a bridge, the bridge determines whether
or not the MAC address is on the local network segment. If the MAC address is not on the local
network segment, the bridge forwards the frame to the necessary network segment.
Routers - Routers are layer 3, or network layer, devices that are used to connect similar or
different networks. (For example, they can connect two Ethernet LANs or an Ethernet LAN to a
Token Ring LAN.) A router is a device that has two or more interfaces and a routing table so it
knows how to get packets to their destinations. It can filter traffic based on access control lists
(ACLs), and it fragments packets when necessary.
Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question: CISA review manual 2014 Page number 263 Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 229 and 230

As protocol was introduced by Visa and Mastercard to allow for more credit card transaction possibilities. It is comprised of three different pieces of software, running on the customer's PC (an electronic wallet), on the merchant's Web server and on the payment server of the merchant's bank. The credit card information is sent by the customer to the merchant's Web server, but it does not open it and instead digitally signs it and sends it to its bank's payment server for processing.
The following answers are incorrect because :
SSH (Secure Shell) is incorrect as it functions as a type of tunneling mechanism that provides terminal like access to remote computers.
S/MIME is incorrect as it is a standard for encrypting and digitally signing electronic mail and for providing secure data transmissions.
SSL is incorrect as it uses public key encryption and provides data encryption, server authentication, message integrity, and optional client authentication.
Reference : Shon Harris AIO v3 , Chapter-8: Cryptography , Page : 667-669