Correct Answer: D
Security requirements are the least expensive to implement when they are built into application design.
Security requirements are the specifications or criteria that define the security objectives, functions, features, or attributes of an application, system, or network. Security requirements can help to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and accountability of the application, system, or network, as well as to protect the application, system, or network from various security threats and risks. Security requirements should be identified, analyzed, and documented in the early stages of the application development life cycle, such as the planning, analysis, or design phases. Security requirements are the least expensive to implement when they are built into application design, as it means that the security requirements are integrated and incorporated into the architecture, structure, and logic of the application, rather than added or modified later in the development life cycle, such as the implementation, testing, or deployment phases. Building security requirements into application design can help to reduce the cost and complexity of the security implementation, as well as to improve the quality and performance of the security of the application. Building security requirements into application design can also help to prevent or minimize the security issues or defects that may arise in the later stages of the development life cycle, such as the security vulnerabilities, weaknesses, or flaws that may compromise the security of the application. When identified by external consultants, during the application rollout phase, or during each phase of the project cycle are not the situations when security requirements are the least expensive to implement, as they are either more dependent, reactive, or iterative than building security requirements into application design. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 21: Software Development Security, page 1151; CISSP Official (ISC)2 Practice Tests, Third Edition, Domain 8: Software Development Security, Question 8.10, page
304.