Probability sampling ensures every individual in a population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected, providing a representative sample for statistical analysis.
Option A (Random sampling): This is the correct answer. Random sampling, where each patient has an equal chance of selection (e.g., using a random number generator), is a probability sampling method. NAHQ CPHQ study materials highlight random sampling as a rigorous approach for surveys to ensure unbiased results.
Option B (Convenience sampling): Convenience sampling (e.g., surveying available patients) is non- probability sampling, as it does not ensure representativeness and is prone to bias.
Option C (Focus group sampling): Focus group sampling is typically purposive (non-probability), selecting participants based on specific criteria, not random chance.
Option D (Quota sampling): Quota sampling is non-probability, as it involves selecting a fixed number of participants from predefined groups, not ensuring equal selection probability.
Reference: NAHQ CPHQ Study Guide, Domain 2: Health Data Analytics, defines probability sampling, including random sampling, as a method for representative data collection in quality studies.

To find the problem rate, divide the totalnumber of problems by the total number of patients treated in March:
Total problems in March: 8+4+19=318 + 4 + 19 = 318+4+19=31
Total patients treated in March: 1,3501,3501,350
Problem rate: (31/1,350)×100=2.3%(31 / 1,350) \times 100 = 2.3\%(31/1,350)×100=2.3%, approximately 2%.
References:CPHQ materials emphasize calculating problem rates as a standard method for quality analysis.

The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that organizations use to align business activities with the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals12. It translates an organization's mission and strategy into a set of performance measures that provide the framework for a strategic measurement and management system1. The Balanced Scorecard approach provides a clear prescription as to what companies should measure in order to 'balance' the financial perspective2.
References: 1
https://asana.com/resources/strategic-planning-models
https://asana.com/resources/strategic-planning-models

Active surveillance in healthcare is a proactive approach to identifying and monitoring health-related events or diseases123. It involves the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice1.
Option B, "Identifying disease outbreaks through public health contact tracing," is an example of active surveillance. Contact tracing is a key strategy for preventing the further spread of infectious diseases. It involves identifying people who have an infectious disease (cases) and their contacts (people who may have been exposed) and working with them to interrupt disease transmission12.
Option A, "analyzing laboratory data for disease testing utilization," could be part of both active and passive surveillance, depending on the context. However, it does not necessarily involve the proactive steps typically associated with active surveillance13.
Option C, "analyzing infectious diseases based on hospital discharge final coding," is more related to passive surveillance, which involves the collection of data as they become available, or the data that are passively received by health care providers or health information systems13.
Option D, "reporting of infectious diseases data quarterly to local health departments," is also more related to passive surveillance, as it involves regular reporting of health data from various sources13.