What was/were the conflict/s in traditional system before the growth of supply chain concept?

Which of the following is NOT the basic cost element in transportation?

is difference between the total planned for a given period and the
actual total for that period.

A manufacturer's decision to extend the degree of forward integration should be influenced by its desire to do which of the following?
1. Reduce the uncertainty of demand
2. Erect barriers to potential competitors
3. Reduce the number of processes to be controlled

Identify the problem, generate ideas about main causes of problem, brainstorm all possible causes for each main cause and try to identify the most likely root cause are all the steps of: