is incorrect. This is not valid answer, as no response is being applied to such low risk
level.

Section: Volume C
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Threat and vulnerability assessment consider the full spectrum of risks. It identifies the likelihood of occurrence of risks and impact of the significant risks on the organization using the risk scenarios. For example: Natural threats can be evaluated by using historical data concerning frequency of occurrence for given natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, fire, etc.
Incorrect Answers:
A, B: These use either some technical evaluation tool or assessment methodologies to evaluate risk but do not use risk scenarios.
D: Risk assessment uses quantitative and qualitative analysis approaches to evaluate each significant risk identified.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Exploit response is one of the strategies to negate risks or threats that appear in a project. This strategy may be selected for risks with positive impacts where the organization wishes to ensure that the opportunity is realized. Exploiting a risk event provides opportunities for positive impact on a project.
Assigning more talented resources to the project to reduce the time to completion is an example of exploit response.
Incorrect Answers:
A: The enhance strategy closely watches the probability or impact of the risk event to assure that the organization realizes the benefits. The primary point of this strategy is to attempt to increase the probability and/or impact of positive C: Risk acceptance means that no action is taken relative to a particular risk; loss is accepted if it occurs.
D: The share strategy is similar as transfer because in this a portion of the risk is shared with an external organization or another internal entity.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
A quantitative risk assessment quantifies risk in terms of numbers such as dollar values. This involves gathering data and then entering it into standard formulas. The results can help in identifying the priority of risks. These results are also used to determine the effectiveness of controls. Some of the terms associated with quantitative risk assessments are:
Single loss expectancy (SLE)-It refers to the total loss expected from a single incident. This incident

can occur when vulnerability is being exploited by threat. The loss is expressed as a dollar value such as $1,000. It includes the value of data, software, and hardware.
SLE = Asset value * Exposure factor
Annual rate of occurrence (ARO)-It refers to the number of times expected for an incident to occur in a

year. If an incident occurred twice a month in the past year, the ARO is 24. Assuming nothing changes, it is likely that it will occur 24 times next year.
Annual loss expectancy (ALE)-It is the expected loss for a year. ALE is calculated by multiplying SLE

with ARO. Because SLE is a given in a dollar value, ALE is also given in a dollar value. For example, if the SLE is $1,000 and the ARO is 24, the ALE is $24,000. ALE = SLE * ARO Safeguard value-This is the cost of a control. Controls are used to mitigate risk. For example, antivirus

software of an average cost of $50 for each computer. If there are 50 computers, the safeguard value is
$2,500.
Incorrect Answers:
A: The first thing we must do in risk management is to identify the areas of the project where the risks can occur. This is termed as risk identification. Listing all the possible risks is proved to be very productive for the enterprise as we can cure them before it can occur. In risk identification both threats and opportunities are considered, as both carry some level of risk with them.
C: Unlike the quantitative risk assessment, qualitative risk assessment does not assign dollar values.
Rather, it determines risk's level based on the probability and impact of a risk. These values are determined by gathering the opinions of experts.
Probability- establishing the likelihood of occurrence and reoccurrence of specific risks, independently,

and combined. The risk occurs when a threat exploits vulnerability. Scaling is done to define the probability that a risk will occur. The scale can be based on word values such as Low, Medium, or High.
Percentage can also be assigned to these words, like 10% to low and 90% to high.
Impact- Impact is used to identify the magnitude of identified risks. The risk leads to some type of loss.

However, instead of quantifying the loss as a dollar value, an impact assessment could use words such as Low, Medium, or High. Impact is expressed as a relative value. For example, low could be 10, medium could be 50, and high could be 100.
Risk level = Probability*Impact
D: This is the process of implementing risk response plans, tracking identified risks, monitoring residual risks, identifying new risks, and evaluating risk process effectiveness through the project.

Section: Volume B
Explanation:
Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley act has the tremendous impact on the risk management solution adopted by corporations. This section specifies that the reports must be certified by the CEO, CFO, or other senior officer performing similar functions.
Certification of reports establishes:
* The signing officer has reviewed the report.
* The financial statement does not contain, to the knowledge of signing officer, any materially untrue or misleading information and represent fairly all financial conditions and results of the enterprise's operations.
* The signing officers:
- are responsible for establishing and maintaining internal controls
- have designed such internal controls to ensure that material information relating to the issuer and its consolidated subsidiaries is made - known to such officers by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which the periodic reports are being prepared
- have evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer's internal controls as of a date within 90 days prior to the report
- have presented in the report their conclusions about the effectiveness of their internal controls base on their evaluation as of that date
* The signing officer have disclosed to external auditors, audit committee, and other directors:
- all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the reliability of the reported financial data
- any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the internal controls of the enterprise
* The signing officer have indicated in the report any internal controls or changes to those internal controls which have been implemented since they were evaluated.
Incorrect Answers:
A: The signing officer has evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer's internal controls as of a date within 90 days prior to the report, not at the time of the report.