Section: Volume B
Explanation:
A quantitative risk assessment quantifies risk in terms of numbers such as dollar values. This involves gathering data and then entering it into standard formulas. The results can help in identifying the priority of risks. These results are also used to determine the effectiveness of controls. Some of the terms associated with quantitative risk assessments are:
* Single loss expectancy (SLE)-It refers to the total loss expected from a single incident. This incident can occur when vulnerability is being exploited by threat. The loss is expressed as a dollar value such as
$1,000. It includes the value of data, software, and hardware.
SLE = Asset value * Exposure factor
* Annual rate of occurrence (ARO)-It refers to the number of times expected for an incident to occur in a year. If an incident occurred twice a month in the past year, the ARO is 24. Assuming nothing changes, it is likely that it will occur 24 times next year.
* Annual loss expectancy (ALE)-It is the expected loss for a year. ALE is calculated by multiplying SLE with ARO. Because SLE is a given in a dollar value, ALE is also given in a dollar value. For example, if the SLE is $1,000 and the ARO is 24, the ALE is $24,000. ALE = SLE * ARO
* Safeguard value-This is the cost of a control. Controls are used to mitigate risk. For example, antivirus software of an average cost of $50 for each computer. If there are 50 computers, the safeguard value is
$2,500.
Incorrect Answers:
A: The first thing we must do in risk management is to identify the areas of the project where the risks can occur. This is termed as risk identification. Listing all the possible risks is proved to be very productive for the enterprise as we can cure them before it can occur. In risk identification both threats and opportunities are considered, as both carry some level of risk with them.
C: Unlike the quantitative risk assessment, qualitative risk assessment does not assign dollar values. Rather, it determines risk's level based on the probability and impact of a risk. These values are determined by gathering the opinions of experts.
* Probability- establishing the likelihood of occurrence and reoccurrence of specific risks, independently, and combined. The risk occurs when a threat exploits vulnerability. Scaling is done to define the probability that a risk will occur. The scale can be based on word values such as Low, Medium, or High. Percentage can also be assigned to these words, like 10% to low and 90% to high.
* Impact- Impact is used to identify the magnitude of identified risks. The risk leads to some type of loss.
However, instead of quantifying the loss as a dollar value, an impact assessment could use words such as Low, Medium, or High. Impact is expressed as a relative value. For example, low could be 10, medium could be 50, and high could be 100.
Risk level = Probability*Impact
D: This is the process of implementing risk response plans, tracking identified risks, monitoring residual risks, identifying new risks, and evaluating risk process effectiveness through the project.

Section: Volume C
Explanation:
A policy is an executive mandate which helps in identifying a topic that contains particular risks to avoid or prevent. Policies are high-level documents signed by a person of high authority with the power to force cooperation. The policy is a simple document stating that a particular high-level control objective is important to the organization's success. Policies are usually only one page in length. The authority of the person mandating a policy will determine the scope of implementation.
Hence in other words, policy is an overall statement of information security scope and direction.
Incorrect Answers:
A, B, D: These are not the valid definitions of the policy.