Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Event nodes represents the possible uncertain outcomes of a risky decision, with at least two nodes to illustrate the positive and negative range of events. Probabilities are always attached to the branches of event nodes.
Incorrect Answers:
A: Root node is the starting node in the decision tree, and it has no branches.
C: End node represents the outcomes of risk and decisions and probability is not attached to it.
D: It represents the choice available to the decision maker, usually between a risky choice and its non- risky counterpart. As it represents only the choices available to the decision makers, hence probability is not attached to it.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Security log monitoring, Post-implementation reviews of program changes, and Problem management provide indirect information. Security log monitoring provide indirect information about certain controls in the security environment, particularly when used to analyze the source of failed access attempts.
Post-implementation reviews of program changes provide indirect information about the effectiveness of internal controls over the development process.
Problem management provide indirect information about the effectiveness of several different IS processes that may ultimately be determined to be the source of incidents.
Incorrect Answers:
D: Recovery testing is the direct evidence that the redundancy or backup controls work effectively. It doesn't provide any indirect information.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Vulnerabilities represent characteristics of information resources that may be exploited by a threat. The given scenario describes such a situation, hence it is a vulnerability.
Incorrect Answers:
A: Probabilities represent the likelihood of the occurrence of a threat, and this scenario does not describe a probability.
B: Threats are circumstances or events with the potential to cause harm to information resources. This scenario does not describe a threat.
D: Impacts represent the outcome or result of a threat exploiting a vulnerability. The stem does not describe an impact.

Section: Volume D