* A risk assessment of a production system is a process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and treating the risks that may affect the performance, quality, or safety of the production system, which is a system that transforms inputs into outputs using various resources, processes, and technologies12.
* The most appropriate action for the risk manager to take after undertaking a risk assessment of a production system is to inform the process owner of the concerns and propose measures to reduce them, which is a process of communicating and consulting with the person who is responsible for the design, operation, and improvement of the production system, and suggesting possible risk responses that can prevent, mitigate, transfer, or accept the risks34.
* This action is the most appropriate because it ensures the involvement and collaboration of the process owner, who has the authority and accountability to implement and monitor the risk responses, and who can provide feedback and input on the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed measures34.
* This action is also the most appropriate because it supports the risk management process and objectives, which are to identify and address the risks that may affect the achievement of the organization's goals and the delivery of value to the stakeholders34.
* The other options are not the most appropriate actions, but rather possible alternatives or supplements that may have some limitations or drawbacks. For example:
* Recommending a program that minimizes the concerns of the production system is an action that involves designing and planning a set of coordinated and interrelated activities and tasks that aim to reduce the likelihood or impact of the risks34. However, this action is not the most appropriate because it does not involve the process owner, who is the key stakeholder and decision maker for the production system, and who may have different views or preferences on the risk responses34.
* Informing the development team of the concerns, and together formulating risk reduction measures is an action that involves communicating and consulting with the group of people who are responsible for creating, testing, and deploying the products or services that are produced by the production system, and jointly developing possible risk responses34. However, this action is not the most appropriate because it does not involve the process owner, who is the primary owner and user of the production system, and who may have different needs or expectations on the risk responses34.
* Informing the IT manager of the concerns and proposing measures to reduce them is an action that involves communicating and consulting with the person who is responsible for managing and overseeing the IT resources, processes, and systems that support the production system, and suggesting possible risk responses34. However, this action is not the most appropriate because it does not involve the process owner, who is the main stakeholder and beneficiary of the production system, and who may have different requirements or constraints on the risk responses34.
References =
* 1: Risk Assessment for the Production Process1
* 2: Risk Assessment for Industrial Equipment2
* 3: Risk IT Framework, ISACA, 2009
* 4: IT Risk Management Framework, University of Toronto, 2017

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
A quantitative risk assessment quantifies risk in terms of numbers such as dollar values. This involves gathering data and then entering it into standard formulas. The results can help in identifying the priority of risks. These results are also used to determine the effectiveness of controls. Some of the terms associated with quantitative risk assessments are:
Single loss expectancy (SLE)-It refers to the total loss expected from a single incident. This incident

can occur when vulnerability is being exploited by threat. The loss is expressed as a dollar value such as $1,000. It includes the value of data, software, and hardware. SLE = Asset value * Exposure factor Annual rate of occurrence (ARO)-It refers to the number of times expected for an incident to occur in a

year. If an incident occurred twice a month in the past year, the ARO is 24. Assuming nothing changes, it is likely that it will occur 24 times next year. Annual loss expectancy (ALE)-It is the expected loss for a year. ALE is calculated by multiplying SLE with ARO. Because SLE is a given in a dollar value, ALE is also given in a dollar value. For example, if the SLE is $1,000 and the ARO is 24, the ALE is $24,000.
ALE = SLE * ARO Safeguard value-This is the cost of a control. Controls are used to mitigate risk. For

example, antivirus software of an average cost of $50 for each computer. If there are 50 computers, the safeguard value is $2,500. A, B, C: These are wrong formulas and are not used in quantitative risk assessment.

is incorrect. Business process owners typically cannot effectively identify risk to their business processes. They may not have the ability to be unbiased and may not have the appropriate skills or tools for evaluating risks. Answer:B is incorrect. Audit personnel may not have the appropriate business knowledge in risk assessment, hence cannot properly identify risk. Regular audits may also cause hindrance to the business activities. Answer:D is incorrect. Monitoring key risk indicators, and record the findings in the risk register will only provide insights to known and identified risk and will not account for obscure risk, i.e. , risk that has not been identified yet.