Cross-site scripting (XSS) and SQL injection are two common types of web application attacks that can compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems. XSS allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a web page that is viewed by other users, while SQL injection allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on a database server by manipulating the input parameters of a web application.
Both attacks can result in data theft, unauthorized access, defacement, denial of service, and more.
To mitigate these attacks, the best option is to require the software vendor to remediate the vulnerabilities by applying secure coding practices, such as input validation, output encoding, parameterized queries, and HTML sanitization. These techniques can prevent or limit the impact of XSS and SQL injection by ensuring that user input is not interpreted as code or commands by the web browser or the database server. The software vendor should also provide regular updates and patches to fix any known or newly discovered vulnerabilities.
The other options are not effective or acceptable ways to mitigate these attacks. Monitoring the databases for abnormal activity can help detect and respond to SQL injection attacks, but it does not prevent them from happening or address the root cause of the vulnerability. Approving an exception to allow the software to continue operating can expose the organization to unnecessary risks and liabilities, as well as violate compliance requirements and standards. Accepting the risk and letting the vendor run the software as is can also have serious consequences for the organization, as it implies that the potential impact and likelihood of the attacks are low or acceptable, which may not be the case. References =
* IT Risk Resources | ISACA
* CRISC Certification | Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control | ISACA
* Cross Site Scripting Prevention Cheat Sheet - OWASP
* A novel technique to prevent SQL injection and cross-site scripting attacks using Knuth-Morris-Pratt string match algorithm | EURASIP Journal on Information Security | Full Text
* Difference Between XSS and SQL Injection - GeeksforGeeks

The most important objective of information security controls is to provide measurable risk reduction.
Information security controls are the policies, procedures, techniques, or technologies that are implemented to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets. The main purpose of information security controls is to reduce the risk of unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or destruction of information assets, and to ensure that the information assets support the enterprise's objectives and performance. Information security controls should be measurable, meaning that they should have clear and quantifiable criteria for evaluating their effectiveness and efficiency in reducing the risk exposure to an acceptable level. References = Risk and Information Systems Control Study Manual, 7th Edition, Chapter 3, Section 3.1.1, page 1151

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Components of risk scenario that are needed for its analysis are:
Actor: Actors are those components of risk scenario that has the potential to generate the threat that

can be internal or external, human or non-human. Internal actors are within the enterprise like staff, contractors, etc. On the other hand, external actors include outsiders, competitors, regulators and the market.
Threat type: Threat type defines the nature of threat, that is, whether the threat is malicious, accidental,

natural or intentional.
Event: Event is an essential part of a scenario; a scenario always has to contain an event. Event

describes the happenings like whether it is a disclosure of confidential information, or interruption of a system or project, or modification, theft, destruction, etc.
Asset: Assets are the economic resources owned by business or company. Anything tangible or

intangible that one possesses, usually considered as applicable to the payment of one's debts, is considered an asset. An asset can also be defined as a resource, process, product, computing infrastructure, and so forth that an organization has determined must be protected. Tangible asset:
Tangible are those asset that has physical attributes and can be detected with the senses, e.g., people, infrastructure, and finances. Intangible asset: Intangible are those asset that has no physical attributes and cannot be detected with the senses, e.g., information, reputation and customer trust.
Timing dimension: The timing dimension is the application of the scenario to detect time to respond to

or recover from an event. It identifies if the event occur at a critical moment and its duration. It also specifies the time lag between the event and the consequence, that is, if there an immediate consequence (e.g., network failure, immediate downtime) or a delayed consequence (e.g., wrong IT architecture with accumulated high costs over a long period of time).

Section: Volume D

According to the CRISC Review Manual (Digital Version), the best way to mitigate the risk associated with data integrity loss in the new payroll system after data migration is to compare the processing output from both systems using the previous month's data, as this ensures that the new system produces the same results as the old system for the same input data. Comparing the processing output from both systems using the previous month's data helps to:
* Verify the accuracy and completeness of the data migration process and identify any errors or discrepancies in the data transfer
* Validate the functionality and performance of the new system and confirm that it meets the business requirements and expectations
* Evaluate the consistency and reliability of the data processing and reporting in the new system and detect any anomalies or deviations
* Recommend and implement appropriate actions or measures to address any issues or findings in the data migration and the new system
* Communicate and coordinate the data migration and the new system testing with the relevant stakeholders, such as the data owners, the users, and the senior management References = CRISC Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 2: IT Risk Assessment, Section 2.4: IT Risk Scenarios, pp. 107-1081