Project Delta should be deferred by management, as it has the lowest return on investment (ROI) among the four competing projects. ROI is a measure of the profitability or efficiency of a project, calculated by dividing the net benefits by the total costs. Project Delta has a net benefit of $100,000 and a total cost of $200,000, resulting in an ROI of 0.5. The other projects have higher ROIs: Project Alpha has an ROI of 1.0, Project Bravo has an ROI of 0.8, and Project Charlie has an ROI of 0.6. Therefore, Project Delta is the least attractive option for reducing overall IT risk, and management should prioritize the other projects instead. References
= How to Manage Project Risk: A 5-Step Guide; Matching the right projects with the right resources; Risk Types in Project Management

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Vulnerability is a weakness or lack of safeguard that can be exploited by a threat, thus causing harm to the information systems or networks. It can exist in hardware, operating systems, firmware, applications, and configuration files. Hence lack of adequate controls represents vulnerability and would ultimately cause threat to the enterprise.
Incorrect Answers:
B: Threat is the potential cause of unwanted incident.
C: Assets are economic resources that are tangible or intangible, and is capable of being owned or controlled to produce value.
D: Impact is the measure of the financial loss that the threat event may have.

Shadow systems are IT systems, solutions, devices, or technologies used within an organization without the knowledge and approval of the corporate IT department1. They are often the result of employees trying to address specific functionality gaps in the organization's official systems, such as the ERP system. However, shadow systems can pose significant risks to the organization, such as:
* Data security and privacy breaches, as shadow systems may not comply with the organization's security policies and standards, or may expose sensitive data to unauthorized parties2.
* Data quality and integrity issues, as shadow systems may not synchronize or integrate with the organization's official systems, or may create data inconsistencies or redundancies3.
* Compliance and regulatory violations, as shadow systems may not adhere to the organization's legal or contractual obligations, or may create audit or reporting challenges4.
* Cost and resource inefficiencies, as shadow systems may duplicate or conflict with the organization's official systems, or may consume more IT resources than necessary5.
The best way to reduce the risk associated with shadow systems is to implement an enterprise architecture (EA), which is a comprehensive framework that defines the structure, processes, principles, and standards of the organization's IT environment6. By implementing an EA, the organization can:
* Align the IT systems with the organization's goals and strategy, and ensure that they support the business needs and requirements6.
* Establish a governance structure and process for IT decision making, and ensure that all IT systems are approved, monitored, and controlled by the IT department7.
* Enhance the communication and collaboration between the IT department and the business units, and ensure that the IT systems meet the expectations and preferences of the end users5.
* Optimize the performance and efficiency of the IT systems, and ensure that they are scalable, flexible, and interoperable6.
References =
* Shadow IT: What Are the Risks and How Can You Mitigate Them? - Ekran System
* How to Reduce Risks of Shadow IT by Applying Governance to Public Clouds - BMC Software | Blogs
* What is shadow IT? - Article | SailPoint
* The Risks of Shadow IT and How to Avoid Them | SiteSpect
* Start reducing your organization's Shadow IT risk in 3 steps
* What is enterprise architecture (EA)? - Definition from WhatIs.com
* Enterprise Architecture Governance - CIO Wiki

is incorrect. Antivirus or anti-virus software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware. It scans the computer for viruses. Answer: C is incorrect. Anti-spyware software is a type of program designed to prevent and detect unwanted spyware program installations and to remove those programs if installed. Answer: D is incorrect. Wireshark is a free and open-source protocol analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education.

According to the ERM - Step 3 - Risk Treatment article, risk transfer is a risk treatment option that involves passing ownership and/or liability of a risk to a third party, such as an insurance company, a contractor, or a supplier. Risk transfer is usually adopted when the organization does not have the capability or the resources to manage the risk internally, or when the cost of transferring the risk is lower than the cost of retaining the risk. In this case, the organization has outsourced its lease payment process to a service provider who lacks evidence of compliance with a necessary regulatory standard. This means that the organization has transferred the risk of non-compliance to the service provider, who is now responsible for ensuring that the lease payment process meets the regulatory requirements. Therefore, the answer is B. Transfer. References = ERM - Step 3 - Risk Treatment