According to the Lanham Act, domain names fall under trademarks law. A new section 43(d) of the Trademark Act (Lanham Act) states that anyone who in bad faith registers, traffics in, or uses a domain name that infringes or dilutes another's trademark has committed trademark infringement. Factors involved in assessing bad faith focus on activities typically associated with cyberpiracy or cybersquatting, such as whether the registrant has offered to sell the domain name to the trademark holder for financial gain without having used or intended to use it for a bona fide business; whether the domain-name registrant registered multiple domain names that are confusingly similar to the trademarks of others; and whether the trademark incorporated in the domain name is distinctive and famous. Other factors are whether the domain name consists of the legal name or common handle of the domain-name registrant and whether the domain-name registrant previously used the mark in connection with a bona fide business.

Penetration testing (also called pen testing) is the practice of testing a computer system, network, or Web application to find vulnerabilities that an attacker could exploit. Following are the areas that can be exploited in a penetration test: Kernel flaws: Kernel flaws refer to the exploitation of kernel code flaws in the operating system. Buffer overflows: Buffer overflows refer to the exploitation of a software failure to properly check for the length of input data. This overflow can cause malicious behavior on the system. Race conditions: A race condition is a situation in which an attacker can gain access to a system as a privileged user. File and directory permissions: In this area, an attacker exploits weak permissions restrictions to gain unauthorized access of documents. Trojan horses: These are malicious programs that can exploit an information system by attaching themselves in valid programs and files. Social engineering: In this technique, an attacker uses his social skills and persuasion to acquire valuable information that can be used to conduct an attack against a system.

ESAPI (Enterprise Security API) is a group of classes that encapsulate the key security operations, needed by most of the applications. It is a free, open source, Web application security control library. ESAPI provides an easy way to programmers for writing lower-risk applications and retrofitting security into an existing application. It offers a solid foundation for new development. Answer C is incorrect. An encryption wrapper is a device that encrypts and decrypts the critical or all software codes at runtime. Answer B is incorrect. Code obfuscation transforms the code so that it is less intelligible for a person. Answer A is incorrect. Watermarking is the irreversible process of embedding information into a digital media. The purpose of digital watermarks is to provide copyright protection for intellectual property that is in digital form.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation: Auditing encompasses a wide variety of activities as follows: Logging: It is the activity of recording information to a log file or database about events or occurrences. Log Analysis: It is a systematic form of monitoring where the logged information is analyzed in detail. It is done to find out the trends and patterns as well as abnormal, unauthorized, illegal, and policy-violating activities. Intrusion Detection: It is a process to detect unwanted system access by monitoring both recorded information and real time events.
Alarm Triggers: These are the notifications that are sent to an administrator whenever a specific event occurs. Monitoring: It is the activity of manually or programmatically reviewing logged information.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation: NIST has developed a suite of documents for conducting Certification & Accreditation (C&A).
These documents are as follows: 1.NIST Special Publication 800-37: This document is a guide for the security certification and accreditation of Federal Information Systems. 2.NIST Special Publication 800-53:
This document provides a guideline for security controls for Federal Information Systems. 3.NIST Special Publication 800-53A. This document consists of techniques and procedures for verifying the effectiveness of security controls in Federal Information System. 4.NIST Special Publication 800-59: This document provides a guideline for identifying an information system as a National Security System. 5.NIST Special Publication 800-60: This document is a guide for mapping types of information and information systems to security objectives and risk levels.