Data warehousing describes the operational extract, cleaning, transformation, control and load processes that maintain the data in a data warehouse.

A synonym for transformation in ETL is mapping. Mapping is the process of developing the lookup matrix from source to target structures, but not the result of the process.

Hierarchical database model is the newest database model

Change only requires change agents in special circumstances, especially when there is little to no adoption.

Malware refers to any infectious software created to damage, change or improperly access a computer or network.