According to the Stockholm Resilience Centre, both climate change and loss of biosphere integrity are planetary boundaries that have already been crossed as a result of human activity.
* Planetary Boundaries Framework: The Stockholm Resilience Centre's planetary boundaries framework identifies critical thresholds in Earth system processes that should not be crossed to avoid catastrophic environmental changes.
* Crossed Boundaries: Both climate change and loss of biosphere integrity (biodiversity loss) are identified as boundaries that have already been transgressed due to human activities, leading to significant environmental and ecological disruptions.
CFA ESG Investing References:
The CFA Institute's discussions on environmental risks highlight the importance of understanding planetary boundaries in assessing long-term sustainability risks and integrating these considerations into investment decisions.

* Traditional ESG Providers: These include established entities such as credit-rating agencies that have long been involved in providing financial data and have integrated ESG factors into their traditional credit rating processes.
* Role of Credit-Rating Agencies: They assess the creditworthiness of issuers, including sovereign, corporate, and municipal issuers, and increasingly incorporate ESG factors into their ratings to reflect potential risks and opportunities.
* Nontraditional Providers: These include newer, often technology-driven firms focusing solely on ESG data, sometimes using alternative data sources and innovative methodologies.
CFA ESG Investing References:
The CFA Institute's materials on ESG integration recognize credit-rating agencies as traditional ESG data providers because they have expanded their analysis to include ESG factors alongside traditional financial metrics.