Both statements are accurate. Effective engagement with companies often requires framing the discussion around strategy and long-term performance. Active investment houses are also focusing on integrating stewardship activities with ongoing portfolio management. (ESGTextBook[PallasCatFin], Chapter 6, Page 285)

ESG ETFs can be constructed using a variety of rules, including both thematic investing and tilting weightings based on ESG scores. Thematic investing focuses on specific ESG themes such as clean energy, while tilting weightings involves adjusting the portfolio's exposure to companies with higher or lower ESG scores.
ESG Reference: Chapter 9, Page 510 - Investment Mandates, Portfolio Analytics & Client Reporting in the ESG textbook.

Surveys of company managers provide primary ESG data as they come directly from internal company sources, offering first-hand insights on ESG practices. (ESGTextBook[PallasCatFin], Chapter 7, Page 364)

When integrating ESG analysis into the investment process, deriving correlations on how ESG factors might impact financial performance over time is an example of a systematic approach. This approach involves incorporating ESG data into financial models and investment strategies in a structured and consistent manner.
It enables investors to systematically assess the impact of ESG factors on financial performance and make informed investment decisions based on these insights.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased inequality.
* Economic Impact: The pandemic exacerbated existing economic inequalities, as lower-income individuals and vulnerable populations were disproportionately affected by job losses, health impacts, and limited access to resources.
* Social Disparities: Inequality increased as remote work options were more accessible to higher-income individuals, while essential workers, often from lower-income backgrounds, faced greater health risks.
* Global Trends: Reports and studies during and after the pandemic indicated a widening gap between the rich and the poor, highlighting the significant social and economic challenges posed by the crisis.
CFA ESG Investing References:
The CFA Institute's discussions on the social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic emphasize the increased inequality as a major consequence, affecting long-term social and economic stability.