Automatic laser shutdown (ALS: When no optical signal is received, the ALS function automatically turns off the corresponding optical module. This function can protect on-site maintenance personnel.

When light passes through a passive optical device, it will cause a drop in optical power. This loss is called the insertion loss of the device.

If the cumulative amount of dispersion exceeds the system's dispersion tolerance, it will cause bit errors at the receiving end.

An NG WDM network element has a MUT_LOS alarm on the amplifier board, but no OSC_LOS alarm on the monitoring channel board, and all services are interrupted.
Which of the following are possible causes? (Multiple choice)

MSTP multi-service transmission platform is a multi-service transmission technology based on (), it can realize the access processing and transmission of TDM, ATM, Ethernet, IP and other multi-services at the same time.