Demutualisation refers to the process by which a mutual savings institution, such as a building society, converts into a publicly traded company or bank. This transformation allows the institution to raise capital through equity issuance and expand its services beyond mutual members.
Example:
* The Abbey National Building Society in the UK demutualised in the 1980s to become a bank.

In an order-driven market, an electronic order book is used to match buy and sell orders based on strict price and time priority. This system ensures transparency and fair pricing since all orders are visible to market participants.

When a firm acts as an agent, it does not trade securities for its own account but facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. The firm earns revenue by charging a commission to its clients for executing these transactions.
* Profiting from the spread (A): This is typical for firms acting as principal, not as agent.
* Providing advice (B): Advice is part of advisory services, not agency transactions.
* Trading against its own order book (D): This describes proprietary trading, not agency.
References:
* International Certificate in Wealth & Investment Management: Roles of market participants and distinctions between agent and principal roles.
* Definitions of commission structures in agency services.

The Key Investor Information Document (KIID) provides essential details about a mutual fund, including fees, risks, and past performance.
* Why is Option B Correct?
* KIIDs are legally required under EU UCITS (Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities) regulations.
* They outline:
* Ongoing charges (e.g., management fees).
* Entry/exit fees.
* Performance fees (if applicable).
* Why Not Other Options?
* A (Key Features Document) # Used for insurance products, not mutual funds.
* C (Prospectus) # A detailed document, but not focused on fees.
* D (Terms of Business) # Covers a firm's general services, not fund costs.
# Reference: FCA Handbook (KIID Requirements), CISI Wealth & Investment Management.

Central banks use foreign currency reserves to stabilise or influence their national currency in the foreign exchange (FX) market.
* Why Intervene?
* To prevent excessive currency depreciation/appreciation.
* To control inflation by managing exchange rates.
* To maintain export competitiveness.
* Example: The People's Bank of China (PBOC) intervenes in FX markets to stabilise the Chinese Yuan (CNY).
# Reference: IMF Guidelines on Currency Intervention, CISI Wealth & Investment Management.