In a manual payroll system, a paper trail of documents is created to provide audit evidence that controls over each step in processing are in place and functioning. One element of a computer system that differentiates it from a manual system is that a transaction trail useful for auditing purposes might exist only for a brief time or only in computer-readable form.

The entity has a dividend payout ratio of 25% of profit. Profit before taxes is US $85,000 [$500,000 sales - $250,000 CGS - $25,000 G&A expenses - $400,000 LT debt x 10% interest rate) - $600,000 fixed assets - 6 years)]. Hence, after-tax profit is US $42,500 [$85,000 x 1.0 - .5)], and the dividend payout is US $10,625 ($42,500 25%).
During the year ended December 31. an entity had US $500,000 in sales revenue and purchased US $150,000 of inventory. The cost of goods sold was US $250,000 for the year, and the entity incurred US $ 25.000 of general and administrative expenses. The January 1 opening balance sheet was as follows:

The cost of long-term debt financing is 10% per annum, payable in one installment on December 31 of each year. The entity has a 50% tax rate. The entity has a dividend payout ratio of 25%. The fixed assets were 1-year old at the start of the current year were originally estimated to have a 6-year useful life. and are being depreciated on the straightline basis.

Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defects. Appraisal costs are incurred to detect defective output during and after the production process. Internal failure costs are associated with defective output discovered before shipping. External failure costs are associated with defective output discovered after it has reached the customer.

In theory of constraints (TOC) analysis, the constraint (bottleneck) operation is the slowest part of the process. It can usually be identified as the one where work-in-process backs up the most of this manufacturer's two operations, the one that requires the most total time is assembly.