These commercial activities can be business-to-business B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), and business-to-employee B2E). Consumer-to-business is not a commercial activity because it does not originate from a business, therefore, it is not considered part of e-commerce.

There are four phases of a business cycle: trough, recovery, peak, and recession. The trough is marked by low levels of economic activity and underuse of resources. Investors are unwilling to risk new investments in productive capacity.

A gain or loss on an available-for-sale financial asset that is not part of a hedge is recognized directly in equity through the statement of changes in equity except for impairment losses and foreign exchange gains and losses. The accumulated remeasurement gain or loss is included in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.

BEPS equals profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders divided by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding. The latter is calculated as follows:

C:\Documents and Settings\usernwz1\Desktop\1.PNG Accordingly, BEPS is US $3.20 $101,504 profit - 31,720 shares).

Electronic data interchange is the electronic transfer of documents between businesses. EDI was developed to enhance just-in-time JIT) inventory management. Advantages include speed, reduction of clerical errors, and elimination of repetitive clerical tasks and their costs. Improved business relationships result because of the mutual benefits conferred by EDI. Accordingly, some organizations require EDI.