Explanation
According to ISO 27001:2022 clause 4.1, the organisation shall determine external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended outcome(s) of its information security management system (ISMS)12 External issues are factors outside the organisation that it cannot control, but can influence or adapt to. They include political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that may affect the organisation's information security objectives, risks, and opportunities12 Internal issues are factors within the organisation that it can control or change. They include the organisation's structure, culture, values, policies, objectives, strategies, capabilities, resources, processes, activities, relationships, and performance that may affect the organisation's information security management system12 Therefore, the following issues are considered 'internal' in the context of a management system to ISO
27001:2022:
* Poor levels of staff competence as a result of cuts in training expenditure: This is an internal issue because it relates to the organisation's capability, resource, and process of developing and maintaining the competence of its personnel involved in the ISMS. The organisation can control or change its training expenditure and its impact on staff competence12
* Poor morale as a result of staff holidays being reduced: This is an internal issue because it relates to the organisation's culture, value, and relationship with its employees. The organisation can control or change its staff holiday policy and its impact on staff morale12
* Increased absenteeism as a result of poor management: This is an internal issue because it relates to the organisation's performance, structure, and accountability of its management. The organisation can control or change its management practices and its impact on staff absenteeism12
* A fall in productivity linked to outdated production equipment: This is an internal issue because it relates to the organisation's capability, resource, and process of ensuring the availability and suitability of its production equipment. The organisation can control or change its equipment maintenance and upgrade and its impact on productivity12 The following issues are considered 'external' in the context of a management system to ISO 27001:2022:
* Higher labour costs as a result of an aging population: This is an external issue because it relates to the social and demographic factor that affects the availability and cost of labour in the market. The organisation cannot control or change the aging population, but can influence or adapt to its impact on labour costs12
* A rise in interest rates in response to high inflation: This is an external issue because it relates to the economic and monetary factor that affects the cost and availability of capital in the market. The organisation cannot control or change the interest rates or inflation, but can influence or adapt to its impact on capital costs12
* A reduction in grants as a result of a change in government policy: This is an external issue because it relates to the political and legal factor that affects the availability and conditions of public funding for the organisation. The organisation cannot control or change the government policy, but can influence or adapt to its impact on grants12
* Inability to source raw materials due to government sanctions: This is an external issue because it relates to the political and legal factor that affects the availability and cost of raw materials in the market. The organisation cannot control or change the government sanctions, but can influence or adapt to its impact
* on raw materials12
References:
1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Auditor (Information Security Management Systems) Course by CQI and IRCA Certified Training 1 2: ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor Training Course by PECB 2

Explanation
The risk that the organization may be exposed to if backup media is kept in the same secure area as the servers is that after a fire, the information systems cannot be restored. Backup media is a copy of data or information that can be used to restore the original data or information in case of loss, corruption or destruction. Backup media should be stored in a different location from the original data or information, preferably in a remote or off-site location, to ensure its availability and protection from physical threats and hazards. If backup media is kept in the same secure area as the servers, it means that both the original data and the backup data are vulnerable to the same physical threats and hazards, such as fire, flood, theft, etc. If a fire occurs in the secure area, both the servers and the backup media could be damaged or destroyed, making it impossible to restore the information systems and resume normal operations. References: [CQI & IRCA Certified ISO/IEC
27001:2022 Lead Auditor Training Course], ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, What is Backup Media?

A qualitative risk analysis is an analysis that is based on scenarios and situations and produces a subjective view of the possible threats. A qualitative risk analysis does not use precise statistical probability calculations or exact loss estimates, but rather relies on the experience, intuition and judgement of the risk analysts and stakeholders. A qualitative risk analysis can use descriptive scales, such as high, medium or low, to rank the likelihood and impact of risks. A qualitative risk analysis can be useful for identifying and prioritizing risks, especially when there is limited data or time available. ISO/IEC 27001:2022 defines qualitative risk analysis as "risk analysis that uses scenarios based on events and situations" (see clause 3.35). Reference: [CQI & IRCA Certified ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Auditor Training Course], ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, What is Qualitative Risk Analysis?

Explanation
Which threat could occur if no physical measures are taken? A server shutting down because of overheating could occur if no physical measures are taken. Physical measures are actions or devices that protect information and information processing facilities from physical threats and hazards, such as fire, flood, earthquake, theft, vandalism, etc. Physical measures include locks, alarms, fences, cameras, fire extinguishers, ventilation systems, etc. If no physical measures are taken, the information and information processing facilities could be exposed to environmental damage or interference that could compromise their availability, integrity, or confidentiality. For example, if a server room has no adequate cooling system, the servers could overheat and malfunction or stop working altogether, resulting in loss of data or service. ISO/IEC 27001:2022 requires the organization to implement physical and environmental security controls to prevent unauthorized physical access, damage and interference to the organization's information and information processing facilities (see clause A.11). References: [CQI & IRCA Certified ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Auditor Training Course], ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, [What is Physical Security?]