Void filling is the general term giving to the challenge of filling the space left in a box after the products have been packed. This means that if there is no void filling material, the product inside can move around and could be damaged. Materials to fill voids to secure contents
* Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer made from the monomer known as styrene.
[5] Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and rather brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. It is a rather poor barrier to oxygen and water vapour and has a relatively low melting point.[6] Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale of its production being several million tonnes per year.[7] Polystyrene can be naturally transparent, but can be coloured with colourants. Uses include protective packaging (such as packing peanuts and CD and DVD cases), containers, lids, bottles, trays, tum-blers, disposable cutlery[6] and in the making of models. Polystyrene is generally considered to be non-biodegradable. However, certain organisms are able to degrade it, albeit very slowly.
* Chips made of bio-degradable materials
* Absorbent and fire-resistant material
* Shredded paper, cardboard or wood-Based material
* Paper or cardboard rolls
* Bubble wrap
* Air-filled cushions
* Self expanding foam
Straps are used to group items into unit load. Polypropylene or polyester are the materials most often used.
The wider the strap, the stronger it will be. Using more than one strap and straps for length and width will create a strong place for stock.

Dependent demand is the requirement for stock item which is directly related to and therefore de-pendent upon the rate of production (examples are: raw materials, components, energy). The com-ponents in the scenario are dependent demand items.
Independent demand is the requirement for stock item which is not directly related to, and is therefore independent of rate of production.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 95-98
LO 2, AC 2.1

Obsolescent stock is stock, usually finished goods, which is in good condition and satisfactory working but for which demand is irreversibly falling towards zero. Once this demand reaches zero the stock can be considered 'obsolete'. It cannot be used or sold in its current state. Food ingredients (like candy canes) which are out of date are another example.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 86-88
LO 2, AC 2.1

Unit load is a term used to describe grouping of different items into a convenient stack or stacks which make them easy to handle and store. Typically this involves pallets and/or the plastic wrap-ping of a load.
Stacker is designed to lift and stack pallets. This one is fully mobile so can move easily around the warehouse.
An operator would typically sit or stand while driving like a counterbalanced, reach or straddle lift truck.
A load cell is a type of transducer, specifically a force transducer. It converts a force such as ten-sion, compression, pressure, or torque into an electrical signal that can be measured and standard-ized.
Unit price is the price of a single product or service, used for example when buying several things together to refer to the price of each one.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 60-61
LO 1, AC 1.3