RFID tags are made of three different components: an RFID chip, which is an integrated circuit (IC), an antenna, and a substrate. RFID Antennas are necessary elements in an RFID system be-cause they convert the RFID reader's signal into RF waves that can be picked up by RFID tags. Without some type of RFID antenna, whether integrated or stand-alone, the RFID reader cannot properly send and receive signals to RFID tags.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.2

All risk management processes follow the same basic steps, although sometimes different jargon is used to describe these steps. Together these 5 risk management process steps combine to deliver a simple and effective risk management process.
Step 1: Identify the Risk. You and your team uncover, recognize and describe risks that might affect your project or its outcomes. There are a number of techniques you can use to find project risks. During this step you start to prepare your Project Risk Register.
Step 2: Analyze the risk. Once risks are identified you determine the likelihood and consequence of each risk. You develop an understanding of the nature of the risk and its potential to affect pro-ject goals and objectives. This information is also input to your Project Risk Register.
Step 3: Evaluate or Rank the Risk. You evaluate or rank the risk by determining the risk magni-tude, which is the combination of likelihood and consequence. You make decisions about whether the risk is acceptable or whether it is serious enough to warrant treatment. These risk rankings are also added to your Project Risk Register.
Step 4: Treat the Risk. This is also referred to as Risk Response Planning. During this step you assess your highest ranked risks and set out a plan to treat or modify these risks to achieve acceptable risk levels. How can you minimize the probability of the negative risks as well as enhancing the opportunities? You create risk mitigation strategies, preventive plans and contingency plans in this step. And you add the risk treatment measures for the highest ranking or most serious risks to your Project Risk Register.
Step 5: Monitor and Review the risk. This is the step where you take your Project Risk Register and use it to monitor, track and review risks.
Reference:
- What are the 5 Risk Management Steps in a Sound Risk Management Process?
- CIPS study guide page 192-193
LO 3, AC 3.3

Just-in-time (JIT) purchasing is a systems approach for developing and operating the purchasing function. JIT purchasing along with the total quality management in many industries has been suc-cessful in reducing inventory and increasing the overall effectiveness of purchasing function and hence the productivity of manufacturing.
The just-in-time objectives of eliminating waste can be summarised in the 'five zeros: zero defects, zero set-up times, zero inventories, zero handling and zero lead times.
The correct answer should be 'In JIT purchasing, raw materials (or goods) are purchased so that products are delivered just as needed for production or sales' because it expresses that upstream activity (purchasing) only occurs as the downstream activity (production or sales) triggers.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3

Fixed assets may be sold anytime during their useful life. This gives rise to the need to derecognize the asset from balance sheet and recognize any resulting gain or loss in the income statement.
The accounting for disposal of fixed assets can be summarized as follows:
- Record cash receive or the receivable created from the sale:
Debit Cash/Receivable
- Remove the asset from the balance sheet
Credit Fixed Asset (Net Book Value)
- Recognize the resulting gain or loss
Debit/Credit Gain or Loss (Income Statement)
Example
ABC LTD purchased a machine for $2000 on 1st January 2001 which had a useful life of 5 years and an estimated residual value of $500. The machine was being depreciated on straight line basis. However, ABC LTD decided to sell the asset on1 January 2003 for $1500 in order to raise cash for the purchase of a new machine.
The disposal of the fixed asset will be recorded as follows:
Record cash received or the receivable arising from the sale:
Debit Cash $1,500
Remove the asset from the balance sheet
As a fixed asset is recognized in the balance sheet at the Net Book Value (i.e. Cost less Accumulated Depreciation), the machine will be removed from the accounts of ABC LTD in two parts:
First, the Machine Cost must be removed by crediting the ledger:
Credit Machine Cost $2,500
Second, the Accumulated Depreciation in respect of the machine must be removed by debiting the ledger:
Debit Accumalated Depreciation $600*
*Accumulated Depreciation: (2000 - 500)/5 x 2 Years
The combined effect of the above two transactions would be to remove the machine's net book value of $1400 (2000 - 600) from the balance sheet.
Recognize the resulting gain or loss on the sale of machine
ABC LTD received $1500 for an asset with a balance sheet worth of $1400. It therefore earned a gain of $100. The gain will be recorded as follows:
Credit Gain on Disposal $100
Reference:
- Accounting for Disposals
- CIPS study guide page 197-198
LO 3, AC 3.3

Kanban (看板) (signboard or billboard in Japanese) is a scheduling system for lean manufacturing and just-in-time manufacturing (JIT).
Poka-yoke (ポカヨケ, [poka yoke]) is a Japanese term that means "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention". A poka-yoke is any mechanism in any process that helps an equipment operator avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka). Its purpose is to eliminate product defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors as they occur.
Kaizen is a concept referring to business activities that continuously improve all functions and involve all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers. Kaizen (改善) is the Sino-Japanese word for "improvement". Kaizen also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logis-tics, that cross organizational boundaries into the supply chain.
Muda (無駄, on'yomi reading) is a Japanese word meaning "futility; uselessness; wastefulness", and is a key concept in lean process thinking, like the Toyota Production System (TPS) as one of the three types of deviation from optimal allocation of resources (the others being mura and muri). Waste reduction is an effective way to increase profitability.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3