The cradle-to-cradle approach to sustainable materials evaluates building materials from extraction to reuse, which means that the materials are considered as part of a continuous cycle of use and regeneration, rather than a linear process of consumption and disposal. The cradle-to-cradle approach aims to eliminate waste and pollution, conserve resources and energy, and create positive impacts for the environment and human health. The cradle-to-cradle approach is based on the principles of eco-effectiveness, which include designing products and systems that are safe and healthy for humans and nature, using renewable energy and clean water, celebrating diversity and creativity, and respecting social and environmental justice12. The cradle-to- cradle approach is also recognized and encouraged by LEED v4, which includes a credit for using products that have achieved Cradle to Cradle certification34.

High reflectance roofing materials can help reduce heat gain and peak air temperatures by reflecting more sunlight away from the building, thereby reducing the amount of heat absorbed by the roof. This can lead to lower cooling loads and energy use for air conditioning. Reference: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Light trespass refers to surplus lighting that spills outside the project boundary, negatively impacting adjacent areas and wildlife. LEED addresses this issue under Sustainable Sites credits for light pollution reduction.

Explanation
Lighting controls are devices or systems that can regulate the amount and quality of light in a space according to various factors, such as user preferences, natural light availability, occupancy, and time of day. By doing so, lighting controls can improve occupant comfort and save energy throughout the building. Lighting controls can enhance the visual comfort, well-being, and productivity of the occupants by providing them with appropriate and adjustable light levels for different tasks and moods. Lighting controls can also reduce the energy consumption and environmental impact of the lighting system by avoiding unnecessary or excessive lighting, which can waste electricity, generate heat, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Lighting controls are an essential component of green building design and certification, such as LEED v4, which has adopted ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 as the baseline for energy performance and lighting requirements.
LEED v4 also recognizes and rewards various lighting control strategies, such as automatic shutoff, light-level reduction, daylight harvesting, exterior lighting control, and plug-load control. References: [LEED Link:
Minimum Energy Performance], section "LEED v4 BD+C: Minimum Energy Performance"; [LEED Link:
Lighting Controls], section "LEED v4 BD+C: Lighting Controls"

As of 1996, the Montreal Protocol banned the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a chemical compound known to have ozone-depleting potential. CFCs are synthetic substances that were widely used as refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. CFCs have high ozone depletion potential (ODP), which means they can destroy the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The Montreal Protocol banned the production of CFCs in 1996 for developed countries and in 2010 for developing countries1 . Reference: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, UNEP's Montreal Protocol