Explanation:

Topic 3, Adventure Works Cycles
Current environment
Organizational structure
The following diagram shows the structure of Adventure Works Cycles.
Each of the physical locations in the United States (US) is a warehouse.
Hungary assembles and distributes products to the rest of the European Union (EU).
The EU legal entity is expected to add additional warehouse locations.
All legal entities roll up to a financial consolidation company.

Current environment. Purchasing
Higher quality tires that are used in new orders have become popular. Due to the volume of orders, the company wants to negotiate pricing with VendorC. The vendor agrees to a discounted price for 500 tires purchased within the next six months. Once the 500 tires have been purchased, the discount will be re-evaluated based on demand.
Once a purchase is approved, for audit purposes it cannot be changed.
Whenever possible, parts are purchased from vendors also within the EU. A purchase order was placed for a bike seat manufacturer in Italy.
Parts for custom orders may not always be kept in stock and will need to be procured.
Current environment. Purchasing requisitions
The following flow chart depicts the purchase requisition process:

Requirements. Purchasing
Items for purchase requisitions are governed by each country. Each of the country-specific products will be grouped together for selection.
Purchase orders must follow the requisition process.
All existing purchase orders for brakes must account for the change to VendorB.
Requirements. Inventory
Standard costs are based on purchase fluctuations within a single month.
Tires use floating zones due to limited warehouse space.
Requirements. Operations
Due to recent brake failures, Adventure Works Cycles plans to purchase brakes from VendorB instead of Vendor All brakes from VendorA that are in stock must be tested. The process for brake testing must be implemented for all inbound orders. Quality orders must be automatically created upon receipt of the first shipment against a purchase order only.
UserC needs to consolidate brake inventory after it has been cleared for sale.
Ordering of the new brakes order will incur an additional cost because it is a rush order.
Requirements. Custom orders
Custom orders are placed for items that do not exist in the item master.
Hungary does not process custom orders.
The United States does process custom paint orders. Most custom paint colors are special order and require purchase requisitions.
Quotes must be obtained from a minimum of two suppliers per company policy and compared for the shipping, costs, and other variables. Quotes will not be selected based on lowest price only.
Issues
A special order for 26 high-end tires is received. This item is no longer in stock from the current vendor.
Goods have been received in stock, but the matching invoice has not yet been received at the time of month close.
UserA needs to set up pricing for the items purchased from VendorC and ensure that accounting validates the receipt and invoice against the agreement.
UserB needs to send out a request for quotation (RFQ) for custom paint. The vendor will be selected based on pricing, volume discounts, and lead time.

Explanation:
Box 1: Planned
If a vendor can no longer deliver the raw materials for the energy drinks due to supply chain issues, the costs for using an alternative vendor to source the raw materials should be used to determine the impact on profits.
Planned costs
A costing version can contain a set of planned cost records about items and manufacturing processes. A costing version that contains planned costs is often used to support cost calculation simulations, such as simulations of the effect that cost changes to purchased materials or manufacturing processes has on the calculated costs of manufactured items. The item cost records for planned costs can also be used to support an actual cost inventory model by providing the initial values for item costs. These values include the calculation of planned costs for manufactured items.
Box 2: Standard
The profitability for nutritional supplements manufacturing processes needs to be expressed in terms of the cost categories for routing operations and the calculation formulas for manufacturing overheads.
Standard costs
A costing version can support a standard cost inventory model for items, where the costing version contains a set of standard cost records about items and manufacturing processes. Cost data about manufacturing processes is expressed in terms of the cost categories for routing operations and the calculation formulas for manufacturing overheads.
Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/supply-chain/cost-management/costing-versions