Section: Questions Set G
Explanation:
(A) Red blood cell production is impaired in renal failure owing to impaired erythropoietin production. This causes a decrease in the delivery of oxygen to the tissue and impairs gas exchange. (B) The conversion of vitamin D to its physiologically active form is impaired in renal failure. (C) In renal failure, a decrease in red blood cell production occurs owing to an impaired production of erythropoietin, leading to impaired gas exchange at the cellular level. (D) The decreased production of renin in renal failure causes an increased production of aldosterone causing sodium and water retention.

Explanation
(A) Bed rest will be ordered for 8-12 hours postprocedure. Flexing of the leg at the arterial puncture site will occur if the client gets out of bed, and this is contraindicated after arteriography. (B) The client will be able to eat as soon as he is alert enough to swallow safely and that will depend on what medications areused for sedation during the procedure. (C) Oozing at the arterial puncture site is not normal and should be closely evaluated. (D) The leg where the arterial puncture occurred must be kept straight for 8-12 hours to minimize the risk of bleeding.

(A) The area is bruised and painful. This action would do nothing to help with the healing process of the perineum or to provide comfort. (B) Ice is effective immediately after birth to reduce edema and discomfort, but not on the 2nd postpartum day. (C) Sitz baths are useful if the perineum has been traumatized, because the moist heat increases circulation to the area to promote healing, relaxes tissue, and decreases edema. (D) The physician is not notified of bruising, but if a hematoma is present, then the physician is notified.

Explanation
(A) The embryo itself may develop normally in the first several weeks of an ectopic pregnancy. (B) An ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube causes severe pain owing to the size of the growing embryo within the narrow lumen of the tube, causing distention and finally rupture within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. (C) The Fallopian tube may either be normal or contain adhesions caused by a history of pelvic inflammatory disease or tubal surgeries, neither of which are congenital causes. (D) An ectopic pregnancy does not involve a dysfunctional placenta, but the implantation of the blastocyst outside the uterus.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) This statement is entirely false. (B) Phantom pain may be caused by nerves continuing to carry sensation to the brain even though the limb is removed. It is real, intense, and should be treated as ordinary pain would. (C) Although the cause of phantom pain is still unknown, thesemeasures may promote the relief of any type of pain, not just phantom pain. (D) Phantom pain is not caused by trauma, spasms, and edema and will not be relieved by decreasing edema.