Beck's cognitive theory of depression posits that depression is characterized by negative, distorted thinking patterns that contribute to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and helplessness. Catastrophizing is a core component of depressive thinking and involves magnifying the negative consequences of a situation and minimizing any positive aspects.
Overgeneralization involves making broad, negative conclusions based on limited information. Emotional reasoning involves using one's emotions as evidence for a belief rather than relying on facts. Personalization involves taking responsibility for negative events that are outside of one's control.

Irvin Yalom was the first to put a theoretical perspective on group work. He believed that all groups go through specific phases:
1. Pre-group
2. Forming
3. Storming
4. Norming
5. Performing
6. Adjourning
During the pre-group phase, the group leader's responsibilities include:
* Considering the direction and framework of the group
* Defining the purpose and goals
* Determining the membership criteria and membership size
* Conducting a pre-group interview
* Obtaining informed consent
During the storming phase, the group leader's responsibilities include:
* Allowing the expression of both positive and negative feelings
* Assisting the group in understanding the underlying conflict
* Examining unproductive behaviors

Worn, tattered clothing may be an indication of neglect, but it also may be an indication of low socioeconomic status and is not as precise of a factor.
Common indicators of child abuse include:
* History of unexplained multiple fractures
* Burns, hand or bite marks
* Injuries at various stages of healing
* Evidence of neglect
* Bruising on padded parts of the body

Lithium, a mood stabilizer, is commonly used to manage bipolar disorder. Lithium toxicity can occur if the level of lithium in the blood becomes too high. Because lithium levels can be affected by sodium, sodium levels are essential to monitor. Low sodium levels can cause the body to retain lithium, increasing the risk of toxicity.
Respiratory rate is not directly associated with the risk of lithium toxicity. Psychosis is not associated with lithium toxicity. Blurred vision is a sign of lithium toxicity, but it should be assessed to determine whether lithium toxicity is developing, not to prevent it from occurring.

A state's licensure may prohibit certain functions even though certified nurses can perform that function in other states. The ANCC grants certification as a credential, but the certification follows the guidelines of the individual state's licensure.