The etiology of ODD includes the following:
* Temperament
* Parents who model extreme ways of expressing emotions
* Trauma
* Unresolved conflicts

When a 15-year-old female patient within a normal BMI range expresses fears about being fat and makes self-deprecating comments about her body, it could be indicative of an underlying eating disorder, such as bulimia nervosa. Bulimia is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain.
Unlike anorexia nervosa, where individuals typically have a visibly low body weight, bulimia nervosa patients often maintain a body weight that is normal or slightly above the ideal range for their age and height. This can make bulimia harder to detect visually, and psychological symptoms such as a preoccupation with body image and weight may be more apparent indicators of the disorder.
The fear of gaining weight and negative self-perception, despite having a standard body weight, is a significant psychological aspect of bulimia. These feelings can lead to a vicious cycle of guilt and shame following binge episodes, which often prompts the purging behavior that characterizes this eating disorder.
It is crucial to approach the situation with sensitivity and to seek further assessment from a healthcare professional specializing in eating disorders. Early intervention can be key in addressing bulimia, as it can have severe physical and psychological consequences if left untreated. Treatment often includes a combination of psychotherapy, nutritional counseling, and sometimes medication to help manage symptoms and address the underlying causes of the eating disorder.

Global developmental delay describes a child under the age of five who seems to be falling behind developmentally, but the practitioner cannot reliably assess the degree of impairment.
Borderline intellectual functioning describes a person nominally ranked in the IQ rank of 71 to 84 who does not have the coping problems associated with an intellectual disability.
Autism spectrum disorder forms in early childhood and results in impaired social interactions and communication. These patients usually demonstrate stereotyped behaviors and interests.
Unspecified intellectual disability is a term used when a child is five years old or older and cannot be reliably assessed due to a physical or mental impairment.

Possession syndrome is an umbrella English-language term used to describe South Asian presentations of involuntary possession trances. These episodes usually begin with a somatic complaint like a headache or abdominal pain. Next, patients appear as though they are possessed by a secondary personality, usually either a culturally famous figure or a recently deceased family member. Often, the patient will develop partial or total amnesia related to the altered state.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is rare but can occur at any time a patient is taking antipsychotic medications. It is most common with atypical antipsychotics within the initial two weeks of therapy.
Emergency treatment is focused on cardiopulmonary management and discontinuation of the medication. Dantrolene is used to reduce muscle rigidity.