James is testing the ability of his routers to withstand DoS attacks. James sends ICMP
ECHO requests to the broadcast address of his network. What type of DoS attack is James testing against his network?

John is using Firewalk to test the security of his Cisco PIX firewall. He is also utilizing a sniffer located on a subnet that resides deep inside his network. After analyzing the sniffer log files, he does not see any of the traffic produced by Firewalk. Why is that?

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer protocol) receives outgoing mail from clients and validates source and destination addresses, and also sends and receives emails to and from other SMTP servers.

At what layer does a cross site scripting attack occur on?

An "idle" system is also referred to as what?