Low-power WAN (LPWAN) could be a wireless wide space network technology that interconnects low-bandwidth, powered devices with low bit rates over long ranges.
Created for machine-to-machine (M2M) and net of things (IoT) networks, LPWANs operate at a lower value with bigger power potency than ancient mobile networks. they're additionally ready to support a greater range of connected devices over a bigger space.
LPWANs will accommodate packet sizes from ten to 1,000 bytes at transmission speeds up to two hundred Kbps. LPWAN's long vary varies from a pair of kilometre to one,000 km, counting on the technology.
Most LPWANs have a star wherever, like Wi-Fi, every end point connects on to common central access points.
Types of LPWANs
LPWAN isn't one technology, however a bunch of assorted low-power, wide space network technologies that take several shapes and forms. LPWANs will use licenced or unauthorised frequencies and embody proprietary or open normal choices.
The proprietary, unauthorised Sigfox is one among the foremost wide deployed LPWANs these days. Running over a public network within the 868 MHz or 902 MHz bands, the ultra-narrowband technology solely permits one operator per country. whereas it will deliver messages over distances of 30-50 kilometre in rural areas, 3-10 kilometre in urban settings and up to one,000 kilometre in line-of-site applications, its packet size is restricted to a hundred and fifty messages of twelve bytes per day. Downlink packets area unit smaller, restricted to four messages of eight bytes per day. causation information back to endpoints may also be vulnerable to interference.
Random part multiple access, or RPMA, could be a proprietary LPWAN from Ingenu INC. tho' it's a shorter vary (up to fifty kilometre line of sight and with 5-10 kilometre nonline of sight), it offers higher duplex communication than Sigfox. However, as a result of it runs within the a pair of.4 gigahertz spectrum, it's vulnerable to interference from Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and physical structures. It additionally usually has higher power consumption than different LPWAN choices.
The unauthorised LoRa, nominative and backed by the LoRa Alliance, transmits in many sub-gigahertz frequencies, creating it less vulnerable to interference. A spinoff of chirp unfold spectrum (CSS) modulation, LoRa permits users to outline packet size. whereas open supply, the underlying transceiver chip accustomed implement LoRa is barely offered from Semtech Corporation, the corporate behind the technology. LoRaWAN is that the media access management (MAC) layer protocol that manages communication between LPWAN devices and gateways.
Weightless SIG has developed 3 LPWAN standards: The unifacial weightless-N, duplex Weightless-P and Weightless-W, that is additionally duplex and runs off of unused TV spectrum. Weightless-N and Weightless-P area unit usually a lot of in style choices because of Weightless-W's shorter battery life. Weightless-N and Weightless-P run within the sub-1 gigahertz unauthorised spectrum however additionally support licenced spectrum operation mistreatment twelve.5 kilohertz narrowband technology.
Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) and LTE-M area unit each third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards that treat the licenced spectrum. whereas they need similar performance to different standards, they treat existing cellular infrastructure, permitting service suppliers to quickly add cellular IoT property to their service portfolios.
NB-IoT, additionally referred to as CAT-NB1, operates on existing LTE and international System for Mobile (GSM) infrastructure. It offers transmission and downlink rates of around two hundred Kbps, mistreatment solely two hundred kilohertz of accessible information measure.
LTE-M, additionally referred to as CAT-M1, offers higher information measure than NB-IoT, and therefore the highest information measure of any LPWAN technology.
Some vendors, as well as Orange and SK medium, area unit deploying each licenced and unauthorised technologies to capture each markets.
Other LPWAN technologies include:
GreenOFDM from GreenWaves Technologies
DASH7 from hayrick Technologies INC.
Symphony Link from Link Labs INC.
ThingPark Wireless from Actility
Ultra slim Band from numerous corporations as well as Telensa, Nwave and Sigfox WAVIoT

-q, --quiet quiet (no output)
-S, --server-response print server response

Explanation
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) may be a security protocol, laid out in the IEEE wireless local area network (Wi-Fi) standard, 802.11b, that's designed to supply a wireless local area network (WLAN) with A level of security and privacy like what's usually expected of a wired LAN. A wired local area network (LAN) is usually protected by physical security mechanisms (controlled access to a building, for example) that are effective for a controlled physical environment, but could also be ineffective for WLANs because radio waves aren't necessarily bound by the walls containing the network. WEP seeks to determine similar protection thereto offered by the wired network's physical security measures by encrypting data transmitted over the WLAN. encoding protects the vulnerable wireless link between clients and access points; once this measure has been taken, other typical LAN security mechanisms like password protection, end-to-end encryption, virtual private networks (VPNs), and authentication are often put in situ to make sure privacy.A research group from the University of California at Berkeley recently published a report citing "major security flaws" in WEP that left WLANs using the protocol susceptible to attacks (called wireless equivalent privacy attacks).
within the course of the group's examination of the technology, they were ready to intercept and modify transmissions and gain access to restricted networks. The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) claims that WEP - which is included in many networking products - was never intended to be the only security mechanism for a WLAN, and that, in conjunction with traditional security practices, it's very effective.

After the attacker completes preparations, subsequent step is an effort to realize an edge within the target's environment. a particularly common entry tactic is that the use of spearphishing emails containing an internet link or attachment. Email links usually cause sites where the target's browser and related software are subjected to varied exploit techniques or where the APT actors plan to social engineer information from the victim which will be used later. If a successful exploit takes place, it installs an initial malware payload on the victim's computer. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a spearphishing email that contains an attachment. Attachments are usually executable malware, a zipper or other archive containing malware, or a malicious Office or Adobe PDF (Portable Document Format) document that exploits vulnerabilities within the victim's applications to ultimately execute malware on the victim's computer. Once the user has opened a malicious file using vulnerable software, malware is executing on the target system. These phishing emails are often very convincing and difficult to differentiate from legitimate email messages. Tactics to extend their believability include modifying legitimate documents from or associated with the organization. Documents are sometimes stolen from the organization or their collaborators during previous exploitation operations. Actors modify the documents by adding exploits and malicious code then send them to the victims. Phishing emails are commonly sent through previously compromised email servers, email accounts at organizations associated with the target or public email services. Emails also can be sent through mail relays with modified email headers to form the messages appear to possess originated from legitimate sources. Exploitation of vulnerabilities on public-facing servers is another favorite technique of some APT groups. Though this will be accomplished using exploits for known vulnerabilities, 0-days are often developed or purchased to be used in intrusions as required .

Explanation
Hootsuite may be a social media management platform that covers virtually each side of a social media manager's role.
With only one platform users area unit ready to do the easy stuff like reverend cool content and schedule posts on social media in all the high to managing team members and measure ROI.
There area unit many totally different plans to decide on from, from one user set up up to a bespoken enterprise account that's appropriate for much larger organizations.