In the short run a firm will not operate if the price were below its average variable cost as it would be losing money. Thus, its short run supply curve will be its marginal cost curve that lies above the average variable cost curve.

III is mainly for equity investors (or their analysts).

ADR: these securities represent the ownership interest in a foreign company's common stock. The process is as follows: The shares of the foreign company are purchased and put in trust in a foreign branch of a New York bank. The bank, in turn, receives and can issue depository receipts to the
American stockholders of the foreign firm. These ADRs (depository receipts) allow foreign shares to be traded in the United States much like any other security. Through ADRs, one can purchase the stock of
Sony Corporation, Honda Motor Co., Ltd., and hundreds of other foreign corporations.

Because special collateral is desirable for other uses, lenders will bid lower repurchase rates to lend to borrowers in possession of special collateral.

Once recession or recovery is clear, businesses adjust their fulltime payrolls.