SEC rule 12b-1 allows funds to use a portion of assets under management for selling and promotional expenses associated with marketing and distributing fund shares.

Total return measures price appreciation plus interest, dividends, and other distributions.

Under a balance of payment deficit, the quantity demanded of foreign exchange exceeds the quantity supplied. This amounts to a shortage of foreign exchange. To maintain the exchange rate, the government must supply the extra foreign exchange demanded.

Because the sample data, x-bar 16.8, has a z-score of -0.82 (the test value) and this z-score is not in the critical region (critical value is -2.33, the cut-off for the bottom 1% of the normal distribution), the Decision is Fail to reject H . That is, we believe this sample data came from a population whose mean
0
is 17 or more. Note- the p-value for an x-bar of 16.8 is 0.2119 or about 21%.

Empirical probability is a technique where past information is used to determine the probabilities in future.