Company X is an established, unquoted company which provides IT advisory services.
The company's results and cashflows are growing steadily and it has few direct competitors due to the very specialised nature of it's business. Dividends are predictable and paid annually.
Company P is looking to buy 30% of company X's equity shares.
Which TWO of the following methods are likely to be considered most suitable valuation methods for valuing company P's investment in Company X?

An unlisted company has the following data:

A listed company in the same industry has a P/E of 11.
The value of the unlisted company based on the P/E of this listed company is:

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

A company's Board of Directors is considering raising a long-term bank loan incorporating a number of covenants.
The Board members are unsure what loan covenants involve.
Which THREE of the following statements regarding loan covenants are true?

A listed company is financed by debt and equity.
If it increases the proportion of debt in its capital structure it would be in danger of breaching a debt covenant imposed by one of its lenders.
The following data is relevant:
The company now requires $800 million additional funding for a major expansion programme.
Which of the following is the most appropriate as a source of finance for this expansion programme?

Holding cash in excess of business requirements rather than returning the cash to shareholders is most likely to result in lower: