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Question 46
Which of the following protocol does NOT work at Network interface layer in TCP/IP model?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation/Reference:
The NOT is the keyword used in the question. You need to find out a protocol which does not work at network interface layer in TCP/IP model. DNS protocol works at application layer of a TCP/IP model.
For your exam you should know below information about TCP/IP model:
Network models

Layer 4. Application Layer
Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model. Application layer is present on the top of the Transport layer. Application layer defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with Transport layer services to use the network.
Application layer includes all the higher-level protocols like DNS (Domain Naming System), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), X Windows, RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc.
Layer 3. Transport Layer
Transport Layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of the Transport layer is between Application layer and Internet layer. The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation. Transport layer defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data.
The main protocols included at Transport layer are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Layer 2. Internet Layer
Internet Layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer and Transport layer. Internet layer pack data into data packets known as IP datagram's, which contain source and destination address (logical address or IP address) information that is used to forward the datagram's between hosts and across networks. The Internet layer is also responsible for routing of IP datagram's.
Packet switching network depends upon a connectionless internetwork layer. This layer is known as Internet layer. Its job is to allow hosts to insert packets into any network and have them to deliver independently to the destination. At the destination side data packets may appear in a different order than they were sent. It is the job of the higher layers to rearrange them in order to deliver them to proper network applications operating at the Application layer.
The main protocols included at Internet layer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
Layer 1. Network Access Layer
Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. Network Access Layer defines details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.
The protocols included in Network Access Layer are Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay etc.
The most popular LAN architecture among those listed above is Ethernet. Ethernet uses an Access Method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) to access the media, when Ethernet operates in a shared media. An Access Method determines how a host will place data on the medium.
IN CSMA/CD Access Method, every host has equal access to the medium and can place data on the wire when the wire is free from network traffic. When a host wants to place data on the wire, it will check the wire to find whether another host is already using the medium. If there is traffic already in the medium, the host will wait and if there is no traffic, it will place the data in the medium. But, if two systems place data on the medium at the same instance, they will collide with each other, destroying the data. If the data is destroyed during transmission, the data will need to be retransmitted. After collision, each host will wait for a small interval of time and again the data will be retransmitted.
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) :

Protocol Data Unit - PDU
The following answers are incorrect:
ICMP, ARP and Internet protocol works at Network interface layer of a TCP/IP model.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 page number 272
The NOT is the keyword used in the question. You need to find out a protocol which does not work at network interface layer in TCP/IP model. DNS protocol works at application layer of a TCP/IP model.
For your exam you should know below information about TCP/IP model:
Network models

Layer 4. Application Layer
Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model. Application layer is present on the top of the Transport layer. Application layer defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with Transport layer services to use the network.
Application layer includes all the higher-level protocols like DNS (Domain Naming System), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), X Windows, RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc.
Layer 3. Transport Layer
Transport Layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of the Transport layer is between Application layer and Internet layer. The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation. Transport layer defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data.
The main protocols included at Transport layer are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Layer 2. Internet Layer
Internet Layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer and Transport layer. Internet layer pack data into data packets known as IP datagram's, which contain source and destination address (logical address or IP address) information that is used to forward the datagram's between hosts and across networks. The Internet layer is also responsible for routing of IP datagram's.
Packet switching network depends upon a connectionless internetwork layer. This layer is known as Internet layer. Its job is to allow hosts to insert packets into any network and have them to deliver independently to the destination. At the destination side data packets may appear in a different order than they were sent. It is the job of the higher layers to rearrange them in order to deliver them to proper network applications operating at the Application layer.
The main protocols included at Internet layer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
Layer 1. Network Access Layer
Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. Network Access Layer defines details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.
The protocols included in Network Access Layer are Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay etc.
The most popular LAN architecture among those listed above is Ethernet. Ethernet uses an Access Method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) to access the media, when Ethernet operates in a shared media. An Access Method determines how a host will place data on the medium.
IN CSMA/CD Access Method, every host has equal access to the medium and can place data on the wire when the wire is free from network traffic. When a host wants to place data on the wire, it will check the wire to find whether another host is already using the medium. If there is traffic already in the medium, the host will wait and if there is no traffic, it will place the data in the medium. But, if two systems place data on the medium at the same instance, they will collide with each other, destroying the data. If the data is destroyed during transmission, the data will need to be retransmitted. After collision, each host will wait for a small interval of time and again the data will be retransmitted.
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) :

Protocol Data Unit - PDU
The following answers are incorrect:
ICMP, ARP and Internet protocol works at Network interface layer of a TCP/IP model.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 page number 272
Question 47
A small startup organization does not have the resources to implement segregation of duties. Which of the following would be the MOST effective compensating control?
Correct Answer: D
Section: Protection of Information Assets
Explanation/Reference:https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Segregation-of-duties-Small-business-best-practices
Explanation/Reference:https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Segregation-of-duties-Small-business-best-practices
Question 48
Which of the following documents would be MOST useful in detecting a weakness in segregation of duties?
Correct Answer: B
Section: Information System Operations, Maintenance and Support
Question 49
Which of the following type of an IDS resides on important systems like database, critical servers and monitors various internal resources of an operating system?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation/Reference:
Host Based IDS resides on important systems like database, critical servers and monitors various internal resources of an operating system.
Also, you should know below mentioned categories and types of IDS for CISA exam An IDS works in conjunction with routers and firewall by monitoring network usage anomalies.
Broad categories of IDS include:
1. Network Based IDS
2. Host Based IDS
Network Based IDS
They identify attack within the monitored network and issue a warning to the operator.
If a network based IDS is placed between the Internet and the firewall, it will detect all the attack attempts whether or not they enter the firewall
Network Based IDS are blinded when dealing with encrypted traffic
Host Based IDS
They are configured for a specific environment and will monitor various internal resources of the operating system to warn of a possible attack.
They can detect the modification of executable programs, detect the detection of files and issue a warning when an attempt is made to use a privilege account.
They can monitor traffic after it is decrypted and they supplement the Network Based IDS.
Types of IDS includes:
Statistical Based IDS - These system need a comprehensive definition of the known and expected behavior of system
Neural Network - An IDS with this feature monitors the general patterns of activity and traffic on the network, and create a database. This is similar to statistical model but with added self-learning functionality.
Signature Based IDS - These IDS system protect against detected intrusion patterns. The intrusive pattern they can identify are stored in the form of signature.
The following were incorrect answers:
The other types of IDS mentioned in the options do not resides on important systems like database and critical servers
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 346 and 347
Host Based IDS resides on important systems like database, critical servers and monitors various internal resources of an operating system.
Also, you should know below mentioned categories and types of IDS for CISA exam An IDS works in conjunction with routers and firewall by monitoring network usage anomalies.
Broad categories of IDS include:
1. Network Based IDS
2. Host Based IDS
Network Based IDS
They identify attack within the monitored network and issue a warning to the operator.
If a network based IDS is placed between the Internet and the firewall, it will detect all the attack attempts whether or not they enter the firewall
Network Based IDS are blinded when dealing with encrypted traffic
Host Based IDS
They are configured for a specific environment and will monitor various internal resources of the operating system to warn of a possible attack.
They can detect the modification of executable programs, detect the detection of files and issue a warning when an attempt is made to use a privilege account.
They can monitor traffic after it is decrypted and they supplement the Network Based IDS.
Types of IDS includes:
Statistical Based IDS - These system need a comprehensive definition of the known and expected behavior of system
Neural Network - An IDS with this feature monitors the general patterns of activity and traffic on the network, and create a database. This is similar to statistical model but with added self-learning functionality.
Signature Based IDS - These IDS system protect against detected intrusion patterns. The intrusive pattern they can identify are stored in the form of signature.
The following were incorrect answers:
The other types of IDS mentioned in the options do not resides on important systems like database and critical servers
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 346 and 347
Question 50
Which of the following is a software application that pretend to be a server on the Internet and is not set up purposely to actively protect against break-ins?
Correct Answer: B
Section: Protection of Information Assets
Explanation:
A Honey pot is a software application or system that pretends to be a normal server on the internet and it is not set up actively protect against all break-ins. In purpose, some of the updates, patches, or upgrades are missing.
You then monitor the honey pot to learn from the offensive side.
There are two types of honey pot:
High-interaction Honey pots - Essentially gives hacker a real environment to attack. High-interaction honey pots imitate the activities of the production systems that host a variety of services and, therefore, an attacker may be allowed a lot of services to waste his time. According to recent research into high- interaction honey pot technology, by employing virtual machines, multiple honey pots can be hosted on a single physical machine. Therefore, even if the honey pot is compromised, it can be restored more quickly.
In general, high-interaction honey pots provide more security by being difficult to detect, but they are highly expensive to maintain. If virtual machines are not available, one honey pot must be maintained for each physical computer, which can be exorbitantly expensive. Example: Honey net.
Low interaction - Emulate production environment and therefore, provide more limited information. Low- interaction honey pots simulate only the services frequently requested by attackers. Since they consume relatively few resources, multiple virtual machines can easily be hosted on one physical system, the virtual systems have a short response time, and less code is required, reducing the complexity of the virtual system's security. Example: Honeyed.
The following were incorrect answers:
Bastion host - On the Internet, a bastion host is the only host computer that a company allows to be addressed directly from the public network and that is designed to screen the rest of its network from security exposure. DMZ or Demilitarize Zone In computer networks, a DMZ (demilitarized zone) is a computer host or small network inserted as a "neutral zone" between a company's private network and the outside public network. It prevents outside users from getting direct access to a server that has company data. Dual Homed - Dual-homed or dual-homing can refer to either an Ethernet device that has more than one network interface, for redundancy purposes, or in firewall technology, dual-homed is one of the firewall architectures for implementing preventive security.
Dual-Homed - An example of dual-homed devices are enthusiast computing motherboards that incorporate dual Ethernet network interface cards or a firewall with two network interface cards. One facing the external network and one facing the internal network.
Reference:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 348
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/bastion-host http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/ DMZ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_%28computing%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-homed
Explanation:
A Honey pot is a software application or system that pretends to be a normal server on the internet and it is not set up actively protect against all break-ins. In purpose, some of the updates, patches, or upgrades are missing.
You then monitor the honey pot to learn from the offensive side.
There are two types of honey pot:
High-interaction Honey pots - Essentially gives hacker a real environment to attack. High-interaction honey pots imitate the activities of the production systems that host a variety of services and, therefore, an attacker may be allowed a lot of services to waste his time. According to recent research into high- interaction honey pot technology, by employing virtual machines, multiple honey pots can be hosted on a single physical machine. Therefore, even if the honey pot is compromised, it can be restored more quickly.
In general, high-interaction honey pots provide more security by being difficult to detect, but they are highly expensive to maintain. If virtual machines are not available, one honey pot must be maintained for each physical computer, which can be exorbitantly expensive. Example: Honey net.
Low interaction - Emulate production environment and therefore, provide more limited information. Low- interaction honey pots simulate only the services frequently requested by attackers. Since they consume relatively few resources, multiple virtual machines can easily be hosted on one physical system, the virtual systems have a short response time, and less code is required, reducing the complexity of the virtual system's security. Example: Honeyed.
The following were incorrect answers:
Bastion host - On the Internet, a bastion host is the only host computer that a company allows to be addressed directly from the public network and that is designed to screen the rest of its network from security exposure. DMZ or Demilitarize Zone In computer networks, a DMZ (demilitarized zone) is a computer host or small network inserted as a "neutral zone" between a company's private network and the outside public network. It prevents outside users from getting direct access to a server that has company data. Dual Homed - Dual-homed or dual-homing can refer to either an Ethernet device that has more than one network interface, for redundancy purposes, or in firewall technology, dual-homed is one of the firewall architectures for implementing preventive security.
Dual-Homed - An example of dual-homed devices are enthusiast computing motherboards that incorporate dual Ethernet network interface cards or a firewall with two network interface cards. One facing the external network and one facing the internal network.
Reference:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 348
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/bastion-host http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/ DMZ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_%28computing%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-homed
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