Explanation
Risk should be addressed as early as possible in the development cycle. The feasibility study should include risk assessment so that the cost of controls can be estimated before the project proceeds. Risk should also be considered in the specification phase where the controls are designed, but this would still be based on the assessment carried out in the feasibility study. Assessment would not be relevant in choice A or C.

A snapshot is a point-in-time copy of the state of a virtual machine (VM) that can be used to restore the VM to a previous state in case of a security incident or a disaster. A snapshot can capture the VM's disk, memory, and device configuration, allowing for a quick and easy recovery of the VM's data and functionality. Snapshots can also be used to create backups, clones, or replicas of VMs for testing, analysis, or migration purposes. Snapshots are a common service offering in Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) models, where customers can provision and manage VMs on demand from a cloud service provider (CSP). A CSP that offers the capability to take snapshots of VMs can assist customers when recovering from a security incident by providing them with the following benefits12:
Faster recovery time: Snapshots can reduce the downtime and data loss caused by a security incident by allowing customers to quickly revert their VMs to a known good state. Snapshots can also help customers avoid the need to reinstall or reconfigure their VMs after an incident, saving time and resources.
Easier incident analysis: Snapshots can enable customers to perform online or offline analysis of their VMs after an incident, without affecting the production environment. Customers can use snapshots to examine the VM's disk, memory, and logs for evidence of compromise, root cause analysis, or forensic investigation. Customers can also use snapshots to test and validate their incident response plans or remediation actions before applying them to the production VMs.
Enhanced security posture: Snapshots can improve the security posture of customers by enabling them to implement best practices such as backup and restore, disaster recovery, and business continuity. Snapshots can help customers protect their VMs from accidental or malicious deletion, corruption, or modification, as well as from environmental or technical disruptions. Snapshots can also help customers comply with regulatory or contractual requirements for data retention, availability, or integrity. Reference = What is Disaster Recovery as a Service? | CSA - Cloud Security Alliance, What Is Cloud Incident Response (IR)? CrowdStrike

Explanation
Key performance indicators (KPIs) are metrics that measure the effectiveness and ef-ficiency of information security processes and activities. They help senior manage-ment understand the status of information security compliance by providing relevant, timely and accurate information on the performance of security controls, the level of risk exposure, the return on security investment and the progress toward security ob-jectives. KPIs can also be used to benchmark the organization's security performance against industry standards or best practices. KPIs should be aligned with the organiza-tion's strategic goals and risk appetite, and should be reported regularly to senior man-agement and other stakeholders.
References:
*1 Key Performance Indicators for Security Governance, Part 1 - ISACA
*2 Key Performance Indicators for Security Governance, Part 2 - ISACA
*3 Compliance Metrics and KPIs For Measuring Compliance Effectiveness - Reciprocity
*4 14 Cybersecurity Metrics + KPIs You Must Track in 2023 - UpGuard

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Encryption would be the preferred method of ensuring confidentiality in customer communications with an e-commerce application. Strong passwords, by themselves, would not be sufficient since the data could still be intercepted, while two-factor authentication would be impractical. Digital signatures would not provide a secure means of communication. In most business-to-customer (B-to-C) web applications, a digital signature is also not a practical solution.

Explanation
A well-organized information security awareness course informs all employees of existing security policies, the importance of following safe practices for data security anil the need to report any possible security incidents to the appropriate individuals in the organization. The other choices would not be the likely outcomes.