Section: INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

Integrating security activities within the development process is the best option to lower the cost to implement application security controls because it ensures that security is considered and addressed throughout the software development life cycle (SDLC), from design to deployment, and reduces the likelihood and impact of security flaws or vulnerabilities that may require costly fixes or patches later on. Performing security tests in the development environment is not the best option because it may not detect or prevent all security issues that may arise in different environments or scenarios. Performing a risk analysis after project completion is not a good option because it may be too late to identify or mitigate security risks that may have been introduced during the project. Including standard application security requirements is not a good option because it may not account for specific or unique security needs or challenges of different applications or projects. Reference: https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2017/volume-2/secure-software-development-lifecycle https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2016/volume-4/technical-security-standards-for-information-systems

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
It is most important that security-conscious behavior be encouraged among employees through training that influences expected responses to security incidents. Ensuring that policies are read and understood, giving employees fair warning of potential disciplinary action, or meeting legal and regulatory requirements is important but secondary.

Explanation
Management decisions concerning information security investments will be most effective when they are based on the reporting of consistent and periodic assessments of risks. This will help management to understand the current and emerging threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts that affect the organization's information assets and business processes. It will also help management to prioritize the allocation of resources and funding for the most critical and cost-effective security controls and solutions. The reporting of consistent and periodic assessments of risks will also enable management to monitor the performance and effectiveness of the information security program, and to adjust the security strategy and objectives as needed. References = CISM Review Manual 15th Edition, page 28.