Explanation
Safety capacity in lean environments is where take time is greater than cycle time. Take time is the average time between the start of production of one unit and the start of production of the next unit1. Cycle time is the average time it takes to complete one unit of a product or service2. Safety capacity is the amount of capacity that is reserved to deal with unexpected events or fluctuations in demand or supply3.
In lean environments, the goal is to minimize waste and maximize value by producing only what the customer wants, when the customer wants it, and in the exact amount4. This means that the production system should be synchronized with the customer demand, and the take time should match the cycle time. However, in reality, there may be variations or uncertainties in the demand or supply, such as changes in customer preferences, seasonal patterns, quality issues, equipment breakdowns, or supplier delays. These variations or uncertainties can cause disruptions or imbalances in the production system, leading to stockouts, overproduction, waiting, defects, or rework5.
To cope with these variations or uncertainties, lean environments may use safety capacity as a buffer or contingency plan. Safety capacity is where take time is greater than cycle time, meaning that the production system has some extra capacity to produce more than what the customer currently demands. This extra capacity can be used to absorb the variations or uncertainties and maintain a smooth and stable production flow6. However, safety capacity should not be confused with excess capacity, which is where take time is much greater than cycle time, meaning that the production system has a lot of idle or underutilized resources. Excess capacity is a waste that should be eliminated or reduced in lean environments7.
Therefore, safety capacity in lean environments is where take time is greater than cycle time.
References: 1: Take Time Definition 1 2: Cycle Time Definition 2 3: Safety Capacity Definition 3 4: Lean Manufacturing Definition 4 5: The Seven Wastes of Lean 5 6: Capacity Planning Tools 6 7: Excess Capacity

Explanation
Reducing distribution network inventory days of supply will have the impact of increasing turnovers and reducing cash-to-cash cycle time. Distribution network inventory days of supply is a measure of how long it takes for a company to sell its entire inventory in its distribution network, which includes the warehouses and transportation systems that deliver the products to the customers1. It is calculated by dividing the average inventory by the cost of sales per day1. A lower distribution network inventory days of supply indicates that the company is selling its inventory faster and more efficiently, while a higher distribution network inventory days of supply indicates that the company is holding too much inventory or having difficulty selling its products.
Turnovers, also known as inventory turnover or stock turnover, is a measure of how many times a company sells and replaces its inventory in a given period. It is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory2. A higher turnover indicates that the company is selling its inventory quickly and efficiently, while a lower turnover indicates that the company is holding too much inventory or having difficulty selling its products.
Cash-to-cash cycle time, also known as cash conversion cycle or net operating cycle, is a measure of how long it takes for a company to convert its cash outflows into cash inflows. It is calculated by adding the days sales outstanding (DSO), which is the average time it takes for customers to pay for their purchases, and the distribution network inventory days of supply, and subtracting the days payable outstanding (DPO), which is the average time it takes for the company to pay its suppliers3. A shorter cash-to-cash cycle time indicates that the company is managing its cash flow more effectively, while a longer cash-to-cash cycle time indicates that the company is tying up more cash in its operations.
Therefore, reducing distribution network inventory days of supply will have the impact of increasing turnovers and reducing cash-to-cash cycle time, as it will decrease the average inventory level, increase the cost of sales per day, and decrease the distribution network inventory days of supply component in the cash-to-cash cycle time formula. This will improve the efficiency and profitability of the company's operations and reduce its working capital needs.
References : Inventory Days Of Supply | Supply Chain KPI Library | Profit.co; Inventory Turnover Ratio | Formula | Calculator (Updated 2021); Cash Conversion Cycle - CCC.

Explanation
Customer relationship management (CRM) is a program that uses data and technology to manage the interactions and relationships with customers. CRM helps to understand the needs, preferences, and behaviors of customers, and to provide them with better products, services, and experiences. In a rapidly changing business environment, a primary advantage of an effective CRM program is earlier identification of shifts in customer preferences. This means that CRM can help to detect and anticipate the changes in customer demand, tastes, or expectations, and to respond accordingly. This can help to improve customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention, as well as to gain a competitive edge in the market. CRM does not necessarily reduce forecast variability, which is the degree of difference between the actual demand and the forecasted demand.
CRM does not necessarily reduce customer order changes, which are the modifications or cancellations of orders by customers. CRM does not necessarily reduce customer defections, which are the losses of customers to competitors or other alternatives. References: CPIM Exam Content Manual Version 7.0, Domain 3: Plan and Manage Demand, Section 3.1: Demand Management Concepts, p. 16; Customer relationship management; Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Definition.

Explanation
The cash-to-cash cycle time is a financial metric that measures the time it takes for a company to convert its cash outflows into cash inflows. The cash-to-cash cycle time is calculated by adding the days of inventory outstanding (DIO), the days of sales outstanding (DSO), and the days of payablesoutstanding (DPO), and then subtracting the days of payables deferred (DPD). The cash-to-cash cycle time can be shortened by reducing any of the components, except for DPD, which should be increased. Reducing which measure by 10% would contribute most to shortening the cash-to-cash cycle time depends on the relative values of each component.
However, given the information below, reducing accounts receivable by 10% would have the greatest impact.

The current cash-to-cash cycle time is:
Cash-to-cash cycle time = DIO + DSO + DPO - DPD = 60 + 90 + 30 - 15 = 165 days If accounts receivable is reduced by 10%, then DSO becomes 81 days (90 x 0.9). The new cash-to-cash cycle time is:
Cash-to-cash cycle time = DIO + DSO + DPO - DPD = 60 + 81 + 30 - 15 = 156 days The difference is 9 days, which is the largest reduction among all the measures.
If inventory value is reduced by 10%, then DIO becomes 54 days (60 x 0.9). The new cash-to-cash cycle time is:
Cash-to-cash cycle time = DIO + DSO + DPO - DPD = 54 + 90 + 30 - 15 = 159 days The difference is 6 days, which is smaller than reducing accounts receivable.
If accounts payable is reduced by 10%, then DPO becomes 27 days (30 x 0.9). The new cash-to-cash cycle time is:
Cash-to-cash cycle time = DIO + DSO + DPO - DPD = 60 + 90 + 27 - 15 = 162 days The difference is 3 days, which is smaller than reducing accounts receivable and inventory value.
If cost of capital is reduced by 10%, then it has no direct effect on the cash-to-cash cycle time, as it is not a component of the formula. However, it may affect the profitability and liquidity of the company indirectly.
Therefore, reducing accounts receivable by 10% would contribute most to shortening the cash-to-cash cycle time, given the information below.
References: CPIM Exam Content Manual Version 7.0, Domain 4: Plan and Manage Supply, Section 4.2:
Implement Supply Plans, Subsection 4.2.3: Describe how to implement financial management techniques (page 40).