Debug logs capture database operations, system processes, and errors that occur when executing a transaction or running unit tests. Debug logs can help identify the cause of Apex CPU time limit exceeded errors by showing the execution time of each Apex statement and trigger. References:
https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.apexcode.meta/apexcode/apex_debugging_debug_logs.htm

One possible cause of unexpected changes to record values is having multiple automation tools that update the same field on the same object. This can create conflicts and overwrite each other's values. To resolve this issue, the administrator should consolidate automation tools and use only one tool per object and field combination. This can help avoid confusion and ensure consistent results. References:
https://help.salesforce.com/s/articleView?id=sf.process_which_tool.htm&type=5
https://trailhead.salesforce.com/en/content/learn/modules/business_process_automation/automation_consideratio