The correct answer is D. Recognition of VM study contributors . The Presentation Phase is intended to communicate the developed VM recommendations to decision makers in a way that supports approval, concurrence, and movement toward implementation. SAVE's Value Methodology Standard states that the team leader develops a report and/or presentation that documents the adequacy of the developed alternatives and the associated value improvement opportunity.
Therefore, recommended proposals are central to the presentation. The VM study scope and goals are also appropriate because decision makers need to understand the boundaries, objectives, assumptions, and basis of the study. Expected implementation decisions are also relevant because the presentation should help management determine whether alternatives should proceed, require more information, or be rejected. The Presentation Phase is specifically tied to obtaining concurrence and commitment to proceed with implementation recommendations.
Recognition of contributors may be professionally courteous and can appear in a report appendix, closing remarks, or acknowledgments section, but it is not essential technical content for decision making. Compared with scope, goals, recommendations, and implementation decisions, it is the least appropriate core information for the VM presentation.
References/topics: Presentation Phase; VM Report; Recommended Proposals; Implementation Commitment; Decision-Maker Communication.

The correct answers are A, C, D, and E . Pareto's law of distribution, often expressed as the 80/20 principle , is used in Value Methodology to focus team attention on the "vital few" items that create the greatest effect.
In a VM study, this principle helps the team avoid spreading effort equally across all issues and instead concentrate on the limited number of elements that drive most of the project impact.
It can be applied to time , because a small number of activities often consume most of the schedule or create major delay exposure. It can be applied to quality , because a limited group of defects, failures, or performance gaps may account for most quality problems. It can be applied to risk , because a small number of risk events often carry the largest probability-impact burden. It is also highly applicable to costs , because VM studies commonly use cost models and cost distribution to identify high-cost elements for function analysis and value improvement.
Standards are not normally treated as Pareto-distributed variables; they are requirements or constraints.
Performance is important in VM, but Pareto application is more directly tied to measurable distributions such as cost, time, quality problems, and risk exposure.
References/topics: Information Phase; Pareto Analysis; Cost Modeling; Risk Identification; Quality Drivers; Schedule Drivers.

The correct answer is D. The life cycle cost is reduced . In Value Methodology, life cycle cost analysis is used to compare alternatives over the full ownership period, not just by initial cost. Future costs such as operation, maintenance, replacement, repair, and disposal are converted to present value using a discount rate. When the discount rate is higher, future costs are discounted more heavily, meaning their present value becomes smaller.
This does not mean the actual future cash payment disappears; it means that, in present-value terms, money spent in the future is worth less today. Therefore, increasing the discount rate reduces the present value of future cost streams and normally lowers the calculated present-value life cycle cost, especially for alternatives with large costs occurring later in the study period.
Option A is incorrect because discounting is essential when costs occur at different times. Option B is incorrect because changing the discount rate directly changes present-value calculations. Option C is incorrect because a higher discount rate does not increase the present value of future costs; it reduces them.
References/topics: Development Phase; Life Cycle Costing; Economic Analysis; Present Value; Discount Rate; VM Proposal Development.

Explanation:
Location 1 - Improve vision
Location 2 - Correct vision
Location 3 - Position lenses
Location 4 - Select eyeglasses and Select contact lenses
The correct sequence is Improve vision # Correct vision # Position lenses and Secure lenses # Select eyeglasses and Select contact lenses . In a FAST diagram, the "How" direction moves from the broader purpose toward the more specific means of accomplishing that purpose. SAVE defines FAST as the Function Analysis System Technique, a diagrammatic representation of the HOW-WHY logic of functions and their interrelationships. It also defines the function logic path as the functions connected to each other in that HOW- WHY logic direction.
Improve vision is the higher-order purpose. Asking "How do we improve vision?" leads to Correct vision , which is the basic function of prescription eyeglasses. Asking "How do we correct vision?" leads to Position lenses and Secure lenses , because the corrective lenses must be properly located and held relative to the eyes. Asking "How do we accomplish that solution approach?" leads to Select eyeglasses and Select contact lenses , representing the lower-order choice of a corrective device or method.
The distractors are secondary/supporting functions. Secure position , Resist damage , and Complement appearance may support performance, durability, or user acceptance, but they are not the primary "How" logic path for correcting vision.
References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagram; HOW-WHY Logic; Function Logic Path; Higher-Order Function; Basic Function; Lower-Order Function.

The correct answer is B. Maintain position . In FAST diagramming, the horizontal logic path normally answers How and Why . The vertical "When" direction is used for supporting or secondary functions that occur in relation to a function on the critical function logic path. SAVE's VM Glossary defines a FAST diagram as a graphical representation of dependent function relationships and specifically identifies the labeled How, Why, and When arrows as FAST components. It also explains that vertical lines connect secondary functions to required secondary functions through their "When" relationships . ( ) For prescription eyeglasses, Modify vision is the core/basic function because the lenses correct or adjust the user's vision. Facilitate sight is a higher-order purpose explaining why the basic function exists. Maintain position is a supporting function because the frame, bridge, temples, and nose pads keep the lenses properly located in front of the eyes while the eyeglasses modify vision. This function happens concurrently with the basic function, making it appropriate in the When direction. Fold eyeglasses is only a convenience/storage function, not the functional support required during vision correction.
References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagramming; When Relationship; Secondary Function; Prescription Eyeglasses Function Model.